Lecture 2 - Kinematic Foundation

Question 1

Frontal Plane:

Answer 1

from the front; splits the body vertically into front and back halves of equal mass (also called the coronal plane)

Question 2

Sagittal Plane:

Answer 2

from the side; divides the body vertically into left and right halves (also called the anteroposterior (AP) plane)

Question 3

Horizontal/transverse:

Answer 3

from above;separates the body into top and bottom halves

Question 4

What is point called where all the planes intersect

Answer 4

centre of gravity

Question 5

Superior/cranial:

Answer 5

closer to the head

Question 6

Inferior/caudal:

Answer 6

farther away from the head

Question 7

Anterior/ventral:

Answer 7

Anterior/ventral: toward the front of the body

Question 8

Posterior/dorsal:

Answer 8

toward the back of the body

Question 9

Medial:

Answer 9

Medial: toward the midline of the body

Question 10

Lateral:

Answer 10

away from the midline of the body

Question 11

Proximal:

Answer 11

closer in proximity to the trunk (the knee is proximal to the ankle)

Question 12

Distal:

Answer 12

at a distance from the trunk (the wrist is distal to the elbow)

Question 13

Superficial:

Answer 13

toward the surface of the body

Question 14

Deep:

Answer 14

inside the body and away from the body surface

Question 15

Sagittal Plane Movements:

Answer 15

Flexion/extension
Hyperextension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion

Question 16

Flexion:

Answer 16

anteriorly directed sagittal plane rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, and hip, and posteriorly directed sagittal plane rotation of the lower leg

Question 17

Extension:

Answer 17

the movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position from a position of flexion

Question 18

Hyperextension:

Answer 18

the rotation beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite the direction of flexion

Question 19

Dorsiflexion:

Answer 19

motion bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg

Question 20

Plantar flexion:

Answer 20

motion bringing the top of the foot away from the lower leg

Question 21

Frontal Plane Movements

Answer 21

Abduction/ Adduction
Right/left lateral flexion
Elevation/depression
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
Eversion
Inversion

Question 22

Abduction:

Answer 22

moves a body segment away from the midline of the body

Question 23

Adduction:

Answer 23

moves a body segment closer to the midline of the body

Question 24

Right/left lateral flexion

Answer 24

sideways rotation of the trunk

Question 25

Elevation/depression:

Answer 25

of the shoulder

Question 26

Radial deviation:

Answer 26

rotation of the hand at the wrist in the frontal plane toward the radius (thumb side)

Question 27

Ulnar deviation:

Answer 27

hand rotation toward the ulna (little finger side)

Question 28

Eversion:

Answer 28

outward rotation of the foot

Question 29

Inversion:

Answer 29

inward rotation of the foot

Question 30

Transverse Plane Movements

Answer 30

Rotational movements about a longitudinal axis Left/right rotation Medial rotation/internal rotation Lateral rotation Supination Pronation Horizontal abduction/extension Horizontal adduction/flexion

Question 31

Left/right rotation

Answer 31

used to describe transverse plane movements of the head, neck, and trunk

Question 32

Medial rotation/internal rotation

Answer 32

rotation of an arm or leg as a unit in the transverse plane

Question 33

Lateral rotation

Answer 33

when the rotation is away from the midline of the body

Question 34

Supination

Answer 34

outward rotation of the forearm

Question 35

Pronation

Answer 35

inward rotation of the forearm

Question 36

Horizontal abduction/extension

Answer 36

movement of body segments in the transverse plane (arm or thigh) from an anterior position to a lateral position

Question 37

Horizontal adduction/flexion

Answer 37

movement in the transverse plane from a lateral to an anterior position

Question 38

Joint Posture Terms

Answer 38

Flexed, extended Abducted, adducted Plantar flexed

Question 39

Frontal Axis:

Answer 39

imaginary line passing through the body from side to side and around which sagittal plane rotations occur (perpendicular to the sagittal plane; mediolateral)

Question 40

Sagittal axis:

Answer 40

axis: imaginary line passing from front to back through the body and around which frontal plane rotations occur (anteroposterior)

Question 41

Longitudinal axis:

Answer 41

imaginary line passing from top to bottom through the body around which transverse plane rotations occur

Question 42

Translation:

Answer 42

movement from one place to another where all points move through the same distance in the same orientation Linear motion Curvilinear motion

Question 43

Rotation:

Answer 43

angular motion about an axis, all points move through the same angle

Question 44

General motion:

Answer 44

combination of translation and rotation Most common Like a football being thrown

Question 45

Kinematic Analysis of Human Movement Requires:

Answer 45

knowledge of the specific biomechanical purpose of the movement the ability to detect the causes of errors through movement patterns

Question 46

Does Kinematic Analysis of Human Movement include the ultimate cause of movement (force/kinetics)

Answer 46

No

Question 47

Kinematic Analysis of Human Movement can be qualitative or quantitative. True or False

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Performing a Kinematic Analysis involves:

Answer 48

1. Identify question/problem 2. Think about the viewing angle and viewing distance

Question 49

Viewing angle:

Answer 49

name of view, plane observed, major joint angles observed

Question 50

Viewing distance:

Answer 50

trade off (resolution vs. field of view - if you want to see everything, you need a greater field of view, however the resolution might be worse as opposed to being close to the camera)

Question 51

When is Kinematic Analysis Useful?

Answer 51

When performance outcome is as a result of a changed movement pattern Analysts can distinguish the cause of a problem from symptoms of the problem or an unrelated movement idiosyncrasy (abnormality)

Question 52

Tools for Measuring Kinematic Quantities

Answer 52

Cinematography & videography Other motion capture systems Other assessment tools

Question 53

Cinematography & videography involves:

Answer 53

➢Standard video 30 pictures for second (frame rate is important depending on the type of motion you are trying to capture) ➢ Higher rates available ➢ Clarity of images ➢ Make sure you have the right number of cameras to capture info needed (for different planes of view) ➢ Computer-linked equipment (digitizing)

Question 54

Other motion capture systems involve:

Answer 54

➢ Real-time tracking of LEDs ➢ Computer-linked cameras track targets

Question 55

Other assessment tools includes

Answer 55

➢ Goniometer or electrogoniometer ➢ Photocells, light beams, and timers ➢ Accelerometer