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PSY333 > lecture 2 - nervous/endo/homeostasis > Flashcards

lecture 2 - nervous/endo/homeostasis Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A

dendrite (input)
axon (transmission)
synaptic terminals (output)

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2
Q

purpose of neurons

A

main wiring thru human body

connects with other neurons, tissues, organs and muscles

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3
Q

purpose of glia cells

A

number of functions for maintaining homeostasis and supporting neurons

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4
Q

are glial cells neuronal cells?

A

no

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5
Q

how do synapses communicate

A

through neurotransmitters

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6
Q

criteria for neurotransmitter

A
  1. must be made inside neuron, found in terminal button, and released into synaptic cleft upon an AP arrival
  2. produce an effect on postsynaptic neuron
  3. be deactivated rapidly
  4. have same effect on postsynaptic neuron when applied experimentally and naturally
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7
Q

what are the 2 parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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8
Q

purpose + parts of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

integrative and control centres

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9
Q

purpose + parts of PNS

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

communication lines between CNS and body

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10
Q

function of SNS

A

fight or flight responses

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11
Q

main neurotransmitters in SNS

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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12
Q

function of PNS

A

decrease whatever is increased by the SNS

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13
Q

main neurotransmitter in PNS

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

define neuromodulation

A

chemical regulation by neurons

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15
Q

what do neuromodulators do

A

they affect synthesis, breakdown, and reuptake of neurotransmitters

they do not propagate APs

when secreted, they affect a large amount of neurons

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16
Q

what are the 4 main neuromodulators

A

norepinephrine
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin

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17
Q

feedback loops

A

needed for information processing

helps us balance

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18
Q

how does the endocrine system communicate

A

by using neuromodulators and hormones

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19
Q

biological stress

A

pressure or tension exerted on an object

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20
Q

psychological stress

A

state of mental/emotional strain due to demanding circumstances

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21
Q

define stress generally

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A

real or interpreted threat to physiological or psychological integrity, resulting in physiological or behavioural responses

22
Q

give 2 examples when stress is healthy

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A

protects us from danger (adrenaline to run)

performance purposes (in sports)

23
Q

cortisol

Study These Flashcards
A

primary stress response hormone

regulate inflammation

influences immune cell response

has a negative feedback loop with the brain

24
Q

diurnal trend of cortisol circadian rhythm

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A

cortisol is highest in the first 30 minutes of waking

then there is a large drop

then it slowly continues to decrease until we sleep

25
what is the cortisol awakening response
when cortisol is highest in the morning
26
the HPA stress response system
hypothalamus responds to cortisol lvl in our immune system, it releases CRH, this goes in the pituitary gland, then ACTH releases and goes into adrenal gland, and finally cortisol is released in the immune system
27
homeostasis
regulating property of organism where stability of internal environment is actively maintained
28
allostasis
act of adaptive processes to restore homeostasis when presented with a challenge promotes adaptation in aftermath of stress
29
allostatic load
temporal cascade of multi system dysregulations that contribute to disease trajectories
30
why do we measure allostatic load?
to predict morbidity and mortality
31
mortality
death
32
morbidity
disease or effects of illness negative side effect of treatment health of larger population
33
what increases in effective levels of brain activation
oxygen to brain sensory awareness clearer thinking available energy muscle strength resistance to injury
34
what decreases in over activation of brain
logical thought sensory awareness conscious control oxygen to brain fine motor skills accurate time perception also results in fight flight or freeze
35
stress impacts on visual performance
decreased peripheral and depth perceptual distortions tunnel vision
36
stress impacts on motor performance
increased HR respiration decreased fine motor skills compromised hand eye coordination
37
stress impacts on cognitive performance
decreased oxygen to prefrontal cortex decreased info retrieval and learned behaviours
38
describe the results of the terrorism, acute stress, and cardiovascular health study
high worriers had higher odds for heart health problems 53% increase in new cases of cardiovascular ailments at 2 and 3 years after the 9/11 attacks
39
describe the association of PTSD and disease among war vets in the study
those with PTSD had higher ratio of risk for diff types of illnesses compared to controls
40
results for the accumulated stress 9/11 study and conclusions
more repeated exposure in media led to increased PTSD symptoms and increased dissociated physical health ailments conclusion was that repeated stressors can be just as impactful for PTSD symptom development when compared to single traumatic event
41
what percent of public safety personnel screen positive for more than one mental disorder
44.5%
42
diurnal cortisol in police study results
police officers have more life threat stress and they have higher level in cortisol specifically, tactical officers have the most cortisol, as they have the most stressful role
43
state and define the 2 types of occupational stress
operational stress: the content of your job organizational stress: the context of your job (interpersonal relations, work life balance, etc)
44
results from occupational stress injuries study
only organizational stress predicts mental health symptoms
45
results from study on impact of occupational stress on police performance
higher CAR increases odds of committing an error by 6% but only when outliers are included
46
heart rate variability (HRV)
how much variation there is between heartbeats
47
what is the HRV like in people with PTSD
they have much lower resting HRV
48
results of physiology and performance study on officers in the field
red line officer: as they prepared for the call their heart rate increased during the intense scenario his heart rate is very high, lasts for 20 mins blue line officer: overall has a lower heart rate throughout whole process
49
biofeedback
process of gaining awareness of physiological functions in ones body, using instruments allowing u to see changes
50
explain parasympathetic innervation
our heart and lungs are both connected to vagus nerves so if you activate one you activate the other! vagus nerve active>PNS active>health and performance active
51
what is one way to override acute stress?
one breath reset technique the pursed lips engage the PNS
52
result from study showing one breath reset test works
1. pre and post training didnt have much of an impact, but at 6 months and 12 months, there is a decrease in time needed to return to HR (however at 18 months it increased again) 2. right after training, there is a 3% drop in error rate, which is maintained till 12 months, but at 18 months the errors rise BOTH FINDINGS SUGGEST NEW TRAINING NEEDED AT 18 MONTH POINT FOR BREATH RESET

PSY333 (12 decks)

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