lecture 9 - pain and social pain Flashcards

Question

list the cortical areas involved in pain and what they do

Answer 1

anterior cingulate cortex: pain unpleasantness insular cortex: pain unpleasantness S1(primary somatosensory cortex): pain sensation, location, modality S2(secondary somatosensory): same as s1 prefrontal cortex: pain regulation limbic areas: pairs pain with other aspects like emotion, fear, memory, etc

Answer 2

purpose: explore conscious sensory experience from 3rd person observation and identify neural correlates of someones pain experience in relation to others receiving the same stimulus method: rated temp stimuli applied to their forearm and split into groups based on pain sensitivity low= insensitive to pain, high = sensitive fMRI was done while having paritipents forearm stimulated with heat results: - cortical regions related to sensation, attention and affect were most associated with pain sensitive ppl vs pain insensitive (prefrontal cortex, S1) - all sensitive ppl had ACC activation, no activation for all of the insensitive ppl - activation in thalamus was same for ALL subjects, showing everyone's pain signal did make it to the brain via spinothalamic tract pain reports resulted in real brain activations!

Answer 3

sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached can range from twitches to full range motion or control can be painful

Answer 4

mirror therapy a person who can see their other limb moving in a mirror “in response to” the movement their nerves in the amputated limb want to do, this can bring relief to the phantom limb phenomenon. - hyper excitability in peripheral nerves or CNS mirror neurons - found in animal studies which fire when animals perform or observe an action - therefore, by receiving tangential visual input of perception and tactile sensations, the brain can limit the amount of pain u are experiencing from it

Answer 5

inability to perceive physical pain but can tell difference from diff amounts of touch, temp, etc present from birth can lead to injury or death as u cant tell if u are injured

Answer 6

SCN9 gene; responsible for instructions to make the alpha subunit part of the sodium channel (Na V1.7) absence of functioning NaV1.7 channels impairs transmission of pain signals, causing those affected to be insensitive to pain

Answer 7

Being socially excluded feels awful - But more than that, it actually hurts - English speakers tend to use physical injury-related terms to describe social injury

Answer 8

morphine calms distress of social isolation in animals injections of morphine quieted the distress vocalizations of maternally isolate guinea pigs (fewer vocalizations of guinea pigs injected with morphine) - Panksepp conjectured that the social distress system overlaps with the more ancient physical pain system - The endogenous brain opioid system may be one of the neurochemical regulators of the distress associated with social separation, as well as the pleasure associated w/ social connection (Eisenberger, 2012)

Answer 9

IVs: Type of swear words o Conventional (Fuck) o “New” (Fouch, Twizpipe, etc) o Neutral (any word) - DVs: o Ratings of emotion, humour, distraction o cold pressure pain threshold o cold pressor pain tolerance o pain perception score o change from resting heart rate - They were able to keep their hand in the cold water longer when they used the conventional swear words - It’s the context of the emotion that influences pain (not necessarily the emotion itself)?

Answer 10

Participants played a game of Cyberball under 3 conditions, while imaging brain activity with fMRI: 1. Excluded due to technical difficulties 2. Included 3. Excluded due to rejection by other players (who are actually not playing with you, they are part of the computer simulation) - Found greater activity in the dACC and 2 regions of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during exclusion than during inclusion o These same brain regions are activated in response to physical pain - Does depend on personality traits! o More neurotic people are more sensitive to physical pain and more sensitive to rejection o More extroverted people are less sensitive to physical pain and less sensitive to rejection

Answer 11

experiment 1 Randomly assigned participants to receive: * Daily dose of Tylenol (1000mg) OR… * Placebo over period of 21 days Each evening, participants recorded questions regarding degree to which they felt emotionally hurt during the day o Results: Placebo group: no change in hurt feelings over 21 day period Tylenol group: significant decline in hurt feelings over the 21 day period o People were physically experiencing less pain also experienced less social pain experiment 2 Randomly assigned to take: * 1000mg Tylenol Morning, 1000mg Tylenol at bed OR… * Placebo of same dose (n=25) * 3 weeks later –fMRI lab experiment, ball tossing game (social exclusion task) o Results: Compared to placebo group, participants who took acetaminophen showed less activity in dACC and anterior insula in response to cyberball exclusion o By manipulating the ability to feel pain in the brain, you can also manipulate the ability of the brain to feel emotional pain BUT dangerous path to addiction…

Answer 12

ppl given morphine immediately following a traumatic event are less likely to develop PTSD

Answer 13

through a beta-adrenergic mechanism also have to consider addiction

lecture 9 - pain and social pain Flashcards

(37 cards)