Lecture 2 - Research Strategies

Question 1

Who was the first one to psychologically study the mind?

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

introspection

Answer 2

study of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings

Question 3

who was E.B. Titchener?

Answer 3

Wundts student.

Focus on structuralism

Question 4

structuralism

Answer 4

The analysis of mental structures

what is the mind

Question 5

what did William James focus on

Answer 5

functionalism, the study of how the mind works

why do we have a mind

Question 6

popular wisdom

Answer 6

The general idea of what we think is true

Question 7

name two examples of popular wisdom

Answer 7

• birds of a feather flock together

- interpersonal attraction

Question 8

why do we need psychological science

Answer 8

In order to see what popular wisdom holds true

Question 9

what is hindsight bias

Answer 9

once we have all the info needed and know of the outcome, we believe we could have predicted what happened

Question 10

How is psychological science research done?

Answer 10

The scientific method

Question 11

what is the scientific method

Answer 11

it tests ideas with the use of data and evidence (empiricism)

Question 12

name the steps of the scientific method/The research process

Answer 12

1. formulate research question
2. formulate a hypothesis
3. design the study to test hypothesis
4. perform the study (test the hypothesis)
5. interpret the data (draw conclusions)
6. communicate the findings

Question 13

hypothesis

Answer 13

testable prediction

Question 14

operational definition

Answer 14

statement about the procedures the researcher used to measure a variable

Question 15

what are some examples of operational definitions

Answer 15

self-report, survey, brain scan, etc.

Question 16

What are the different approaches to psychological research

Answer 16

1. case study
2. naturalistic observation
3. Survey method

Question 17

what is a case study

Answer 17

in-depth analysis of one subject (or more)

Question 18

what is naturalistic observation

Answer 18

describe and measure people and or animals behavior systematically

Question 19

what is the advantage and disadvantage to naturalistic observation

Answer 19

advantage: natural, trust there is no artificial present
disadvantage: people tend to act differently when they know they’re being watched

Question 20

what is the survey method

Answer 20

asking people questions about their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions and recording their answers

Question 21

What are the problems to the survey method

Answer 21

The wording and the response bias. The way questions are asked affect responses and people may or may not tell the truth

Question 22

what is important issue when doing the survey method

Answer 22

Random sampling (random selection)

Question 23

Random sampling

Answer 23

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being studied

Question 24

what is the correlational method

Answer 24

examine strength and direction of relationship between two variables

Question 25

correlation coefficient (r)

Answer 25

Measure of the strength of the association between two variables (ranges from -1.00 to +1.00)

Question 26

negative correlation

Answer 26

variables change in opposite directions

Question 27

positive correlation

Answer 27

variables change in the same direction

Question 28

correlation does not indicate ...

Answer 28

CAUSATION

Question 29

experiment

Answer 29

researcher changes one variable in a controlled situation and observes the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation

Question 30

independent variable (IV)

Answer 30

manipulated by experimenter

Question 31

dependent variable (DV)

Answer 31

Outcome variable

Question 32

what is the purpose of experiments

Answer 32

to test the effects of the independent variable and the dependent variable

Question 33

experimental condition (group)

Answer 33

receives treatment/stimulus

Question 34

Control condition (group)

Answer 34

doesn’t receive treatment/stimulus comparison group

Question 35

Random assignment

Answer 35

participants have an equal chance of being in every experimental group

Question 36

placebo effect

Answer 36

observed improvement due to an inert treatment

Question 37

expectancy effect

Answer 37

results one expectations held by the experimenter lead unintentionally to behavior toward the participant that, in turn, affects the participants behavior

Question 38

Double-blind procedure’s

Answer 38

neither the participants nor the researchers know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group