``` Combination of movements (ball & socket joints): flexion extension adduction and abduction ```

Lecture 2: The Skeletal System Flashcards by Jessica Soulliere

Flexion

Bending
Joints get smaller
Decreasing angle

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Extension

Straightening

Increasing Angle

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Abduction

moving away

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Adduction

moving towards

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Rotation

Movement around the long axis

medial/ internal or lateral/external

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Circumduction

Combination of movements 
(ball &amp; socket joints): 
flexion
extension
adduction and abduction

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Protraction

Moving the structure anteriorly/forward

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Retraction

Moving the structure posteriorly/backward

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Elevation

Raising the structure cephalad (superiorly)

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Depression

Lowering the structure caudally (inferiorly)

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Supination

The forearm is rotated laterally (palm up)

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Pronation

The forearm is rotated medially (palm down)

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Ulnar deviation

Adduction of the wrist

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Radial deviation

Abduction of the wrist

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Opposition

Thumb moves medially to meet the other fingers. Act of Abduction and Flexion

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Reposition

Put the thumb back to a neutral position. Adduction and Extension

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Eversion

Plantar surface of the foot moves laterally

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Inversion

Plantar surface of the foot moves medially

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Dorsiflexion

Bending the ankle towards the shin

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Plantar flexion

Bending the ankle towards the posterior/back of the body

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Superficial

describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body.

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intermediate

describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body.

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deep

describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body.

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Medial

describes the structure being closer to midline of the body

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Lateral

describes the structure being further from midline

Front facing | closer to front

Ventral

Front facing | closer to front

Posterior

Back of body

dorsal

back of body

palmar

front of hand

Dorsum

Back of ...

Plantar

Sole of foot

Superior

closer to head

cephalad

closer to head

Inferior

further from head - towards toes

caudad or caudal:

further from head - towards toes

Proximal

closer to trunk / origin

Distal

further to trunk / origin

Prone

face down

Supine

face up

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Bilateral

both sides | eg. 2 kidneys, = bilateral kidneys

Unilateral

one side only

2 Divisions of the Skeletal System

Axial | Appendicular

Axial

Central core of the skeletal system

Appendicular

Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

3 types of Cartilage

Hyaline (joints) Elastic (ear) Fibrocartilage (discs of spinal column)

2 types of Bones

Compact bone | Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone

Compact bone

Superficial thin layer provides the strength to bones for weight bearing; larger proportion of compact bone is found at the ends of the bones

Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone

Found deep to compact bone and superficial to the marrow cavity if present, contains many small spaces

Classifications of Bones (5)

Long: Are tubular in shape (i.e. humerus and femur) Short: Are cuboidal in shape and found in the wrist (i.e.carpal bones) Flat: Protective function (i.e. skull bones) Irregular: Various shapes (i.e. bones of the face, vertebrae) Sesamoid: Develop in certain tendons (i.e. patella and sesamoid bones of the 1st toe)

Accessory bones:

Extra bones which are small, irregular in shape and often found in the sutures of the skull bones. These are also commonly seen in the foot

Parts of a Typical Long Bone (4)

Epiphysis Metaphysics Diaphysis Epiphyseal plate

Epiphysis

The end of a long bone

Metaphysics

The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Diaphysis

The shaft of the long bone

Epiphyseal plat

In adults this is a remnant line where the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) was in the child or developing bone

Depressions (bones)

allow passage of materials, form joints

Openings (bones)

allow passage of materials, form joints

Processes (bones)

provide attachment for muscles and ligaments

Projections (bones)

provide attachment for muscles and ligaments

Fossa (bone depression)

Shallow depression in bone, houses opposing bone during flexion

Sulcus (bone depression)

Furrow along bone, holds tendon or blood vessal

Foramen (bone openings)

Opening in bone, nerves and blood vessels pass through

Fissure (bone openings)

Narrow slit between 2 adjacent bones, nerves and blood vessels pass through

Canal (bone openings)

Large opening in center of bone

Sinus (bone openings)

Cavity or chamber within bone

Antrum (bone openings)

Cavity or chamber within bone

Trochanter (bone projection)

large projection off bone

Tuberosity (bone projection)

small projection off bone

Tubercle (bone projection)

small rounded projection

Crest (bone projection)

prominent ridge or elongated projection

Line (bone projection)

long narrow ridge, less prominent than crest

Spine (bone projection)

small pointy projection

Head (bone Processes)

rounded projection at end of bone, articulates with base of adjacent bone

Neck (bone Processes)

supports head in articulation

Condyle (bone Processes)

large rounded protuberance at end of bone

Trochlea (bone Processes)

groove at the end of bone – houses moveable tendon

Facet (bone Processes)

smooth flat articular surface

Lecture 2: The Skeletal System Flashcards

(80 cards)