Lecture 2 The Skull and Cranial Cavity

Question 1

what is the scalp

Answer 1

tissues covering the skull superficially

Question 2

what makes up the scalp

Answer 2

Skin 
Connective tissue (dense)
aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle 
Loose connective tissue 
periosteum of the skull

Question 3

Which layer of the scalp will contain the majority of the blood vessels supplying the tissues of the scalp?

Answer 3

dense connective tissue

Question 4

what happens when the scalp is lacerated

Answer 4

bleed profusely

Question 5

why does the scalp bleed profusely

Answer 5

dct unable to retract to original position so bv’s stay open

Aponeurotic layer and loose connective tissue moves

Question 6

what must happen when suturing the scalp

Answer 6

all layers closed in suturing

Question 7

what is the skull

Answer 7

bony casing surrounding the brain

Question 8

what makes up the skull

Answer 8

neurocranium

viscerocranium

Question 9

what is the neurocranium

Answer 9

bones surrounding the brain

Question 10

what is the viscerocranium

Answer 10

facial skeleton

Question 11

how do the skull bones join

Answer 11

at sutures

form at 5y/o

Question 12

what is the skull like before the sutures close

Answer 12

cartilaginous structures called fontanelles present

allow brain to move and grow

Question 13

what makes up the neurocranium

Answer 13

most bones share  names with lobe of brain they cover
parietal
occipital
temporal
sphenoid
frontal
ethmoid

Question 14

what makes up the viscerocranium

Answer 14

nasal
lacrimal
vomer
maxilla
zygoma
inferior conchae
mandible

Question 15

what makes up the viscerocranium

Answer 15

nasal
lacrimal
vomer
maxilla
zygoma
inferior conchae
mandible

Question 16

which bone does not directly suture to the frontal bone

Answer 16

mandible

Question 17

what is the pterion

Answer 17

suture point between the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid
weak point

Question 18

what runs deep to the pterion

Answer 18

middle meningeal artery (MMA)

Question 19

what may occur in children before the pterion closes

Answer 19

hydrocephalus
due to cartilage so can move to increase space and reduce pressure
In adult intercranial pressure will affect brain, deficits and death as pressure cannot be relieved

Question 20

what is an aneurysm and haemorrhage

Answer 20

Aneurysm is weakness in blood vessel wall
Haemorrhage is the rupture of aneurysm
Pressure causes brain to shift due to compromised vasculature

Question 21

what is a foramina

Answer 21

small hole

sites of exit (eg veins and cranial nerves) and entry (arteries)

Question 22

what is cranial nerve I

Answer 22

olfactory

Question 23

what is cranial nerve II

Answer 23

Optic

Question 24

what is cranial nerve III

Answer 24

oculomotor (move eye)

Question 25

what is cranial nerve IV

Answer 25

Trochlear (muscle)

Question 26

what is cranial nerve V

Answer 26

trigeminal (portions of the face) V1 ophthalmic V2 Maxillary V3 Mandibular

Question 27

what is cranial nerve VI

Answer 27

Abducens (abduct eye)

Question 28

what is cranial nerve VII

Answer 28

facial

Question 29

what is cranial nerve VIII

Answer 29

Vestibulocochlear (inner ear)

Question 30

what is cranial nerve IX

Answer 30

Glossopharyngeal (tongue)

Question 31

what is cranial nerve X

Answer 31

Vagus (everything)

Question 32

what is cranial nerve XI

Answer 32

accessory (shrug shoulders)

Question 33

what is cranial nerve XII

Answer 33

hypoglossal (tongue)

Question 34

what runs through the cribriform plate

Answer 34

Foramina | CN1

Question 35

What runs through the optic canal

Answer 35

foramina | CN2, ophthalmic artery

Question 36

what runs through the superior orbital fissure

Answer 36

CN3,4,6,5(V1)

Question 37

What runs through the rotundum

Answer 37

CN5 V2

Question 38

What runs through the ovale

Answer 38

CN5 V3, AMMA

Question 39

What runs through the spinosum

Answer 39

MMA

Question 40

What runs through the lacerum

Answer 40

carotid artery runs over the top

Question 41

what runs through the internal acoustic meatus

Answer 41

CN7 and 8

Question 42

what runs through the jugular foramen

Answer 42

CN9,10,11,IJV

Question 43

What runs through the hypoglossal canal

Answer 43

CN12

Question 44

What runs through the hypoglossal canal

Answer 44

CN12

Question 45

What runs through the magnum

Answer 45

spinal cord

Question 46

what are the cranial foramen

Answer 46

cribriform plate, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, rotundum, ovale, spinosum, lacerum, internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, magnum

Question 47

what are therein arteries that supply the brain

Answer 47

internal courted artery and vertebral artery (L and R)

Question 48

what do the main arteries supplying the brain do

Answer 48

the branches anastomose to form the cerebral arterial circle | aka circle of willis

Question 49

what do the vertebral arteries do

Answer 49

enter at foramen magnum where they unite to form the basilar artery

Question 50

Where is the common carotid found

Answer 50

deep to sternocleidomastoid useful pulsation point internal supplies brain external carotid supplies face

Question 51

what forms the cerebral arterial circle

Answer 51

anastomosis between 2 internal carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries allow for collateral circulation

Question 52

what does the cerebral arterial circle give rise to

Answer 52

anterior middle posterior -cerebral arteries

Question 53

what does the anterior cerebral artery do

Answer 53

supplies medial and superior surfaces of the brain and frontal pole

Question 54

what does the middle cerebral artery do

Answer 54

supplies the lateral surfaces and temporal pole

Question 55

what does the posterior cerebral artery do

Answer 55

supplies the inferior surfaces and occipital pole

Question 56

what causes strokes

Answer 56

embolism in cerebral artery as no anastomoses of cerebral arteries once in brain so no way to avoid ischaemia leading to neuro deficit

Question 57

what is a mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves

Answer 57

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