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202 Theme 1 > Lecture 3 Organisation of the central nervous system: Spinal cord to the diencephalon > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Organisation of the central nervous system: Spinal cord to the diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS formed from

A

ectoderm

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1
Q

What is the CNS formed from

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

how is the CNS formed

A

neuroectoderm cells recieve inductive signals from notochord (mesoderm)
cells thicken to form neural plate
lateral neural margin folds inwards to form neural tube

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3
Q

what are the cells at the edge of the neural plate called

A

neural crest cells

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4
Q

when does the CNS form from the ectoderm

A

embryonic day 20

aka neurulation

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5
Q

what happens to neural crest cells on embryonic day 24

A 
migrate into periphery and differentiate into 
autonomic sonf sensory neurons and glia
cells of adrenal gland 
melanocytes
skeletal/connective tissue of head
neural tube thickens
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6
Q

what is the structure of the neural tube like at day 20

A

neural plate with neuroectoderm in middle
notochord beneath
folds, creates neural groove

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7
Q

what is the structure of the neural tube like at day 24

A

ectoderm over top
neural crest cells
tube with mantle layer on outside
ependymal layer inner layer with lumen

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8
Q

what does the mantle layer become

A

brain parenchyma

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9
Q

what does the ependymal layer become

A

lines ventricles

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10
Q

what does the lumen become

A

ventricles and central canal

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11
Q

how often do neural tube defects occur

A

about 1/1000 established pregnancies

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12
Q

what happens if the anterior neuropore fails to close

A

leads to degeneration of forebrain and skull

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13
Q

what happens if the posterior neural tube fails to close

A

spina bifida (divided by a cleft)

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14
Q

what are the types of spina bifida

A

occulta (hidden, vertebral arch defect only)

cystica (eg meningocele so meninges projects out in a cyst)

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15
Q

how do the primary brain vesicles form

A

expansion of cranial end of neural tube to form main brain regions known as primary vesicles

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16
Q

what are the main brain regions

A

prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hindbrain
spinal cord

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17
Q

how do the main brain regions begin to develop flexures

A

folds
cephalic flexure between fore and mid brain
cervical flexure between hind brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

how do the secondary brain vesicles form

day 36

A

cranial end continues to expand into secondary vesicles

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19
Q

what does the prosencephalon form

A

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
optic vesicles (eyes)
diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)

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20
Q

what does the mesencephalon form

A

midbrain still

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21
Q

what does the rhombencephalon form

A

mesencephalon (pons/cerebellum)

mylencephalon (medulla)

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22
Q

how do the flexures develop as the secondary vesicles develop

A

pontine flexure between mesencephalon (pons/cerebellum) and mylencephalon (medulla)

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23
Q

what does rostral, ventral, dorsal and caudal mean

A

Dorsal at back and continues superiorly, ventral continues inferiorly
Rostral – front
Caudal – back of brain and bottom of spinal cord

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24
what makes up the CNS
grey and white matter
25
what is grey matter
mainly neuronal cell bodies (eg cerebral cortex, brain nuclei)
26
what is white matter
mainly myelinated axons
27
what does the spinal cord do
reflexes and basic processing
28
what is the function of the spinal cord
receives primary afferent fibres from somatic and visceral structures sends motor axons to skeletal muscles autonomic function regulation of bodily functions at unconscious level conveys ascending and descending tracts
29
where does the spinal cord extend
atlas (C1) to L1
30
what is found at the end of the spinal cord
``` cauda equina (lumbar and sacral dorsal and ventral roots) in lumbar cistern terminal hilum (pia extension) attaches to coccyx ```
31
what happens to the spinal cord at L1
narrows to form conus medullaris
32
where is the spinal cord found
in vertebral canal | surrounding by dura and epidural fat
33
where does the spinal cord receive its blood supply from
anterior (1) and posterior (2) spinal arteries (from vertebral arteries) segmental spinal arteries (at each level)
34
what is the spinal cord divided into
``` cervical region (1-8) thoracic region (1-12) lumbar region (1-5) Sacral region (1-5) lumbar cistern (contains cauda equina) ```
35
what happens to the spinal cord in the cervical spine
enlarges to innervate the upper limbs
36
what happens to the spinal cord in the lumbar region
lumbosacral enlargement to innervate lower limb followed by conus medullaris terminal hilum (int pia, ext dura)
36
what happens to the spinal cord in the lumbar region
lumbosacral enlargement to innervate lower limb followed by conus medullaris terminal hilum (int pia, ext dura)
37
what do spinal nerves do
connect periphery to spinal cord form peripheral nervous system 31 pairs
38
what makes up spinal nerves
each formed by a dorsal (afferent) and ventral (efferent) roots
39
what is the structure of spinal nerves
inner core - grey matter | outer core - white matter
40
what happens to grey matter at levels that supply limbs
expanded
41
what is contained in the grey matter of spinal nerves
neuronal cell bodies H shaped ventral, lateral and dorsal horns
42
what is contained in the white matter of spinal nerves
myelinated axons white columns (dorsal, ventral, lateral)/tracts/funiculi division at top - posterior median sulcus division at bottom - anterior median fissure
43
what is the brainstem
most primitive part of the brain | continuous with spinal cord
44
what is the function of the brainstem
contains cranial nerve nuclei autonomic role vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres vomiting centre nuclei involved with motor control, sleep white matter tracts
45
what happens if the brainstem is damaged
often devastating and life threatening
46
what are the components of the brainstem
midbrain (mesencephalon) pons and medulla (rhombencephalon) (pineal gland at top)
47
what is the role of the medulla oblongata
contains nuclei important in controlling respiration and cardiovascular system
48
what is seen on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata
pyramid (corticospinal tract - main voluntary motor pathway) | olive (formed by olivary nuclei, motor relay to cerebellum)
49
what is seen on the dorsal side of the medulla oblongata
cuneate and gracile tubercle - nuclei form part of ascending tract gracile to middle and cuneate lateral
50
what is the. function of the pons
relays info to cerebellum | above medulla oblongata but below midbrain
51
what is seen on the ventral side of the pons
transverse fibres forming cerebellar peduncles (like parted hair)
52
what is seen on the dorsal side of the pons
middle cerebellar peduncle (white matter tracts linking BS with cerebellum) contains reticular info (nuclei concerned with sleep and motor control)
53
what is the mid brain
continuous with forebrain
54
what is seen on the ventral side of the midbrain
cerebellar peduncles (crus cerebri) corticospinal tract just above pons, mirrored
55
what is seen on the dorsal side of the midbrain
superior colliculus - vision (eye movement) inferior colliculus - auditory (relay nuclei) blobs either side and below pineal gland
56
what is within the midbrain
substantia nigra lies within
57
what is the structure of the midbrain
``` cerebral peduncles over substantia nigra red nuclei (2) dorsal side - superior colliculus ```
58
what does the substantia nigra do
dopaminergic neurons | part of basal ganglia
59
what do the red nuclei do
motor coordination - relay between cortex and cerebellum
60
what does the cerebellum do
unconscious motor function
61
where is the cerebellum
posterior to brainstem
62
what is the function of the cerebellum
Primarily involved with motor control: - Control of posture - Coordinating and planning limb movements - Control of eye movements
63
what do cerebellar lesions cause
gait disturbances, upper limb ataxia and eye movement disorders
64
what is the structure of the cerebellum
``` outer grey matter underlying white matter 2 hemispheres 3 lobes (divided) contains nuclei similar to cerebral hemispheres ```
65
how is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem
by cerebellar peduncles
66
what are the lobes of the cerebellum
anterior flocculonodular posterior divided into 2 hemispheres by vermis
67
what is the internal structure of the cerebellum like
highly folded | lobules with cerebellar cortex - arbor vitae
68
what are the cerebellar inputs
from periphery, spinal cord and BS, and cerebellar cortex via 2 afferent systems
69
what are the 2 afferent systems that send inputs to cerebellum
``` mossy fibres (from pons and spinal cord) climbing fibres (from medulla) ```
70
what are the outputs from the cerebellum
motor outputs to thalamus (cortex) and brainstem
71
what does the diencephalon do
relay and coordination centres
72
where is the diencephalon found
continuous with midbrain | comprises the thalamus and hypothalamus
73
main functions of diencephalon
relays sensory info to cortex | involved in consciousness, sleep, memory and motor functions
74
how is the diencephalon clinically relevant
Targeting nuclei may be effective treatment for epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, pain, psychiatric disorders
75
what is the structure of the diencephalon
paired structure divided into nuclear groups thalamus and hypothalamus inter thalamic adhesion between 2 sides of thalamus
76
where is the hypothalamus found
inferior to thalamus superior to pituitary gland sits between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
77
main function of hypothalamus
coordinates autonomic NS and NE system thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms inputs from limbic system
78
how is the hypothalamus clinically relevant
Hypothalamic lesions linked to endocrine syndromes

202 Theme 1 (6 decks)

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