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Pharm202 > Lecture 20: Kinetics III > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Kinetics III Flashcards

0
Q

What do environmental elements do?

A

They provide the energy for decomposition reactions to occur

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1
Q

What are the decomposition processes we want to prevent?

A

Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Isomerisation (including racemisation and epimerisation)
Photolysis

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2
Q

What are some examples of common environmental elements?

A

Heat
Moisture content
Oxygen
Uv light

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3
Q

What factor does temperature play on degradation?

A

The arrhenius expression gave us k, the rate constant as a function of activation energy and temperature.

As T increases, the degradation rate constant also increases

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4
Q

How can decomposition be prevented, specifically targeting temperature?

A

We can store temperature sensitive drug products in the cold

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5
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Involves the reaction of drugs with water.

It is the major cause of drug deterioration, especially in aqueous conditions

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6
Q

What are the three scenarios that may cause a drug to decompose via hydrolysis?

A

Catalytic: catalysis of drug by hydroxyl or hydronium ions (due to specific acid base catalysis)
Catalytic: the alteration of the buffer species (due to general acid base catalysis)
Uncatalytic: decomposition with water

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7
Q

What is the extent of hydrolysis dependent on?

A

The amount of moisture and pH of the drug solution

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8
Q

How is moisture introduced to solid dosage forms?

A

Through excipients such as starch.

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9
Q

What does the moisture content affecting stability depend on?

A

How strongly moisture is bound to the excipient, whether moisture can get in contact with the drug

Moisture can also facilitate microbial growth and cause more decomposition of the drug

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10
Q

How can hydrolysis be prevented.

A

Using buffers in formulation to prevent pH based hydrolysis

Adding dessicants to the package
Protecting the drug by formulation means e.g. Micelles, encapsulation etc.

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11
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Involves the reactions with oxygen

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12
Q

What is auto oxidation?

A

This is the reaction with atmospheric oxygen and causes the compound to go into a free radical phase with unpaired electrons

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13
Q

What is a free radical.

A

Highly unstable and reactive species, catalyses oxidative degradation reactions

They are like robbers deficient in energy and snatch energy from other cells

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14
Q

What factors affect the rate of auto oxidation?

A

Degree of unsaturation of organic compound, the higher the degree, the more prone they are to oxidation

The presence of free fatty acids, the free carboxylic group enhances the reactivity

Temperature: increased oxidation occurs with increased temperature

Physical state of compound: solids are oxidised at a lesser rate than liquids. As in the presence of water, acid or bases are catalytic to oxidation reactions

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15
Q

How can oxidation be preventd

A

Exclusion of oxygen with product, via air tight packaging, but this is hard to do especially after opening

Adding antioxidants which more readily oxidises than the drug

Adding a reducing agent e,g, sodium metabisulfite

Diluting with an inert solvent e.g. Carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether

16
Q

What are some examples of antioxidants that may be added to prevent oxidation?

A

Ascorbic acid vitamin C
Tocopherols vitamin E
Butylated hydroxytoluene BHT
Butylated hydroxyanisole BHA

17
Q

What increases the oxidation rate of vitamin C?

A

Even traces of copper increases the rate by a factor of 10,000

18
Q

Why is vitamin C frequently added to food and pharmaceutical productS.

A

It is a cheap antioxidant

19
Q

Why are storage conditions for vitamin C a non metal, absent from light and in a cool temperature container?

A

Because ascorbic acid is easily oxidised to form dehydroascorbate. The conditions of that container prevent extensive oxidation

20
Q

What is isomerisation?

A

The transformation of a molecule into another which has exactly the same structural formula but different stereochemical configurations

21
Q

What is racemisation?

A

The conversion of chiral molecules from the levorotory form to the dextrorotory form

Levo is pharmacologically more active than dextro

22
Q

What order of reaction does racemisation usually follow?

A

First order kinetics,

23
Q

What does racemisation depend on?

A

Temperature
Solvent
Catalyst
Light

24
Q

What is photolysis?

A

When light causes degradation of the drug.

Light energy can provide the activation energy required to start a reaction. Molecules must be exposed to radiation of proper frequency and absorb sufficient energy for a reaction to happen.

25
Q

What is the relationship between light and heat energy?

A

Photochemical reactions are independent of temperature. But once molecules have absorbed enough radiant energy collisions will occur and heat energy will be generated for further reactions to take place

Heat and light are linked but independent with regards to activation of reaction

26
Q

What is photolysis independent of?

A

Concentration.

27
Q

What kind of order does photolysis reactions follow?

A

Zero order reaction

28
Q

What is epimerisation?

A

The conversion of chiral molecules from one non superposable, non mirror images to the other

29
Q

How can photolysis be prevented?

A

By packaging drugs in medicine amber brown glass containers to protect the product

30
Q

What are excipients?

A

Substances that are inactive themselves, but aid in the formulation of a suitable dosage form

31
Q

How can excipients effect how the drug works?

A

They can introduce moisture or acid base catalyst by affecting drug stability
Interact chemically with drug and alter bioavailability
Bring about a physical change to the drug characteristics (change in MP, polymorphic form etc)

Perform drug e

32
Q

How can we prevent drug decomposition by excipients?

A

Perform a drug excipient compatibility study at accelerated conditions

Pharm202 (22 decks)

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