Lecture 21

Question 1

Toll-like receptor (TLR)

Answer 1

Located on the membrane. Bacterial antigens

Question 2

Phagosome

Answer 2

phagocytic vesicle the pathogen is in once engulfed

Question 3

Endocytic vesicle (for B-cells)

Answer 3

Does the process of endocytosis

Question 4

Phagolysosome

Answer 4

Phagosome fuses with the lysosome(digestive organelle)

Question 5

Oxidative Burst

Answer 5

Superoxide, Peroxide, Nitric oxide. kills things

Question 6

Oxidant/ Antioxidant

Answer 6

oxidant- to kill phagocyte. antioxidants- to fight oxidative burst

Question 7

Leukocidin

Answer 7

kill PMNs and monocytes (strep and staph)

Question 8

Antiphagocytic capsule

Answer 8

Prevents phagocytosis (anti phagocitic)

Question 9

Giant cells

Answer 9

Macrophages fuse

Question 10

Granuloma

Answer 10

macrophages + giant cells + T cells form it. It encases unkilled bacteria. Bacteria can break out of it later and cause more diseases later

Question 11

Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Answer 11

a cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHC’s) on their surfaces.

Question 12

epitope

Answer 12

antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells

Question 13

antigen

Answer 13

the substance that binds specifically to the respective antibody

Question 14

MHC I

Answer 14

Found on nucleated cells(essentially all cells). Mounts protein from cytoplasm. Especially useful for virus-infected cells. Recruits Tc cells to kill the infected cell.

Question 15

MHC II

Answer 15

Found on APCs only. Mounts foreign protein from phagolysosomes. Rectuits Th cells to sctivate the adaptive immune response

Question 16

Tissue matching

Answer 16

MHCs are important in tissue matching for transplants.

Question 17

allograft

Answer 17

Must be matched carefully by immunologic testing

Question 18

autografy

Answer 18

From self so they are not rejected

Question 19

Rig1-like receptor (RLR)

Answer 19

a type of intracellular pattern recognition receptor involved in the recognition of viruses by the innate immune system.

Question 20

Interferon a/b

Answer 20

act as inducers for more than 2000 genes that help kill intracellular bacteria

Question 21

Antiviral peptides

Answer 21

block viral replication

Question 22

dsRNA

Answer 22

Double stranded RNA. diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range, genome segment number and virion organization

Question 23

Complement cascade

Answer 23

Three ways to initiate it: classical pathway, alternate pathway, and Mannan-binding lectin pathway

Question 24

C3a

Answer 24

diapedeses, inflammation

Question 25

C3b

Answer 25

opson(eat tag), convertase

Question 26

C5a

Answer 26

macrophage recruitment

Question 27

C5b

Answer 27

MAC recruitment

Question 28

MAC

Answer 28

Membrane attack complex. typically formed on the surface of pathogenic bacterial cells as a result of the activation of the host's alternative pathway and the classical pathway of the complement system, and it is one of the effector proteins of the immune system.

Question 29

Classical pathway

Answer 29

Has a normal protease I and II

Question 30

convertase

Answer 30

Protease I

Question 31

Alternate Pathway

Answer 31

Uses alternative pretease I and II

Question 32

Properdin

Answer 32

the only known positive regulator of complement activation that stabilizes the alternative pathway convertases. It is found in the blood serum of more complex animals.

Question 33

Alternate Convertase

Answer 33

innate component of the immune system's natural defense against infections. The alternative pathway is one of three complement pathways that opsonize and kill pathogens. The pathway is triggered when the C3b protein directly binds the microbe.

Question 34

Mannan Binding Lectin

Answer 34

Uses a different alternative protease I and II