lecture 21

Question 1

what does retroperitoneal mean

Answer 1

behind the peritoneal cavity

Question 2

whats a omenta and a mysentary

Answer 2

both are double layers of visceral pericardium. mysentary connects organ to cavity wall, omenta connects organ to organ

Question 3

what is the name of the esophagus passing through the diaphragm

Answer 3

esophageal hiatus

Question 4

what are the 4 parts of the stomach

Answer 4

cardia, fundus, body and the pylorus

Question 5

whats the sphincter between the stomach and the esophagus

Answer 5

lower esophageal sphincter

Question 6

whats the stomach adaption to the muscularis layer

Answer 6

it has the additional inner layer of the oblique muscle

Question 7

whats the notes i have on the cardia, fundus and body

Answer 7

The cardia is where the esophagus empties, its called this as it’s the part of the stomach closest to heart
The Fundus: the fundus is the broadest part of the organ. Normally the fundus doesn’t get filled with food, its normally more empty. So we see gases get stored here in digestion, gases from here move into esophagus as burps.
Then we have the largest part, the body

Question 8

what is the function of the pylorus

Answer 8

this has the important job of controling what goes into the Small intestine. The pylorus only allows small bits of chyme - chyme is partially digested food. Only allowing small due to small diameter of the small intestine.

Question 9

whats the adaptations to the mucosa of the stomach

Answer 9

Simple columnar epithelium
* In-folding increases surface area for secretion – gastric glands
* Glands do not flatten

Question 10

why do we have the adaptation to the stomach mucosa

Answer 10

Simple columnar epithelium as we don’t need to protect abrasion. We instead need lots of secretion, secretion of things like acid and enzymes for digestion, mucous for protection, and hormones for regulation.
in folding provides large SA for these functions

Question 11

describe the gross anatomy of the gastric gland of the stomach

Answer 11

gastric pit of goblet cells at luminal surface protruding into submucosa where we have the other secretory cell types

Question 12

what cell types do we have in the gastric pits and glands, what are their functions

Answer 12

the goblet cells in the gastric pits secrete mucous, in the gastric glands we have chief cells secreting pepsinogen, parietal cells secreting acid and intrinsic factor and G cells secreting hormones

Question 13

describe the histology of the chief cell

Answer 13

columnar cells with basal nuclei, lots of rER as they need to make and secrete large amounts of enzyme, apical surface has lots of zymogen enzyme containing pepsinogen

Question 14

describe the histology of the parietal cell

Answer 14

these cells actively pump H+ into lumen, these cells thus have lots of mitochondria to be able to do this. central nuclei. highly folded to increase secretory surface area, with canalaculi between the folded in microvilli

Question 15

what two things does the duodenum need and how are these things achieved

Answer 15

it needs further digestion of chyme, also needs protection from acidity of the chyme.
further digestion is provided by pancreatic digestive enzymes, protection is provided by mucus by glands in the submucosa

Question 16

describe position shape and location of the pancreas

Answer 16

it is retroperitoneal, head is in the C shape of the duodenum, tail is in the spleen, its posterior to the stomach.

Question 17

the pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions, whats the exocrine functions of the cells

Answer 17

pancreatic acinar a cells secrete digestive enzymes and duct cells secrete bicarbonate

Question 18

describe histology of the pancreatic acinar cells

Answer 18

basal nucleus in the simple columnar cell, apical zymogen granules and abundant ER to make the digestive enzymes. similar to salivary acinar cells and to gastric gland chief cells

Question 19

where do the bile duct of the liver and the pancreatic duct meet?

Answer 19

the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 20

what projects from pancreas into the duodenum and what controls this

Answer 20

duodenal papilla projects into duodenal lumen and the secretions of the duodenal papilla are controlled by the hepatopancreatic sphincter