Lecture 21 - Cerebral cortex and diencephalon Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
Gray Matter
A
Sheet of neural tissue that makes up outer layer of the brain
2
Q
White Matter
A
Nerve fibers that connect neurons in different brain regions into functional circuits
3
Q
Sulci and Gyri
A
Increase cortical surface area
4
Q
10 functions of the cortex
A
- Memory storage and recall
- Language comprehension/production
- Musical abilities
- Attention
- Process all sensations
- Object and face recognition
- Plan/execute motor activities
- Integrate prior experiences
- Emotions
- Pain and threat detection
5
Q
Name the 4 lobes of the brain
A
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
6
Q
Name the 6 key areas of the frontal lobe
A
- Primary motor area (4)
- Premotor Area (6)
- Supplementary Motor Area (6)
- Frontal Eye Fields (8)
- Brocas Area
- Prefrontal Area
7
Q
Name 4 primary frontal lobe functions and describe them
A
- Movement Control: Planning and execution of movements
- Conjugate Eye Movements: Moving eyes together (R frontal eye controls movement of both eyes to left)
- Speech production (Broca’s area): Process info of temporal cortex and writes a script for speech that is passed to primary motor cortex
- Personality: Damage causes hypo-emotionality, disturbed social behaviour, distress, emotional dysregulation, and decision making
8
Q
What 5 affects happen due to frontal lobe lesions
A
- Hemiplegia
- Weakness
- Apraxia
- Personality Disorders
- Aphasia
9
Q
Apraxia
A
Unable to perform learned movements on command
10
Q
Hemiplegia
A
Paralysis to one side of the body
11
Q
Aphasia
A
Deficits in language expression
12
Q
Parietal lobe 3 key areas
A
- Primary Somatosensory (1,2,3,deeper aspect of 4)
- Secondary Somatosensory (5,40)
- Association areas (7,39)S
13
Q
Name and describe the 2 primary functions of the parietal lobe
A
- Sensation: Receives sensory inputs from thalamus and is responsible for touch, position, vibration, pressure, and temperature
- Integrate sensory info with other modalities of higher functions such as motor planning, learning, language, spatial recognition and stereognosis
14
Q
Stereognosis
A
Ability to differentiate between objects based on size, shape, weight
15
Q
What 4 factors occur due to parietal lobe lesions
A
- Loss of sensation
- Sensory Apraxia
- Asomatognosia
- Neglect Syndrome
16
Q
Sensory Apraxia
A
Unable to use an object because an individual cannot perceive its purpose
17
Q
Asomatognosia
A
Denial of existence of a body part
18
Q
Neglect Syndrome
A
Failure to recognize opposite side of body and its surroundings
19
Q
Occipital Lobe 2 key areas
A
1) Primary Visual area (17)
2. Visual Association Area (18,19)
20
Q
Occipital lobe function
A
Visual processing and interpretation
21
Q
What 3 factors occur due to occipital lobe lesions
A
- Blindness
- Color blindness
- Inability to detect moving objects
22
Q
Temporal lobe 6 key areas
A
- Primary auditory area (41)
- Secondary Auditory Area (42)
- Auditory Association Area (22)
- Areas associated with emotion
- Memory
- Speech- Wernicke’s Area (22)
23
Q
Name the 7 functions of the temporal lobe
A
- Translating/processing all sounds and tones
- Phonological representation of words
- Semantic retrieval
- Semantic memory
- Visual/Facial perception
- Declarative Memory
- Familiarity
24
Q
Semantic Retrieval
A
Assign meaning to words
25
Semantic Memory
Remembering thoughts/objectives that are common knowledge
26
Declarative Memory
Remembering concepts/events that happened or learned throughout life
27
What are 6 affects due to temporal lobe lesions
1. Phenomics paraphasia
2. Memory impairments/forgetfulness
3. Visual hallucinations
4. Inability to recognize faces/self
5. Impaired language comprehension
6. Unilateral lesion will affect localization of sound but not produce significant hearing loss
28
Phenomics paraphasia
Sound substitution/rearrangement (tephelone instead of telephone
29
What are the 4 key regions of the diencephalon
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Epithalamus
4. Subthalamus
30
Thalamus
2 oval collections of nuclei that process all sensory info (except smell) before being sent to cortex
31
What are the 4 nuclei that make up the thalamus and their function
1. Medial Geniculate Nuclei -> hearing
2. Lateral Geniculate Nuclei -> vision
3. Ventral Posterior Nuclei -> taste and somatic sensations (pressure)
4. Anterior Nucleus -> emotions and memory
32
6 functions of the diencephalon
Primary relay and processing center for sensory info and autonomic control:
1. Control autonomic body functions
2. Connect endocrine structures
3. Limbic system
4. Motor function
5. Hearing, vision, smell, taste
6. Touch perception
33
10 affects of a diencephalon lesion
1. Memory loss
2. Lack of interest
3. Trouble with attention/alertness
4. Impaired movement
5. Trouble processing sensory info
6. Sleeping/unconsciousness
7. Insomnia
8. Thalamic aphasia (jumbled words/meaningless speech)
9. Vision problems
10. Thalamic pain syndrome (tingling/burning pain)
34
What are the 4 fibers for cortical communication
1. Intracortical fibers
2. Association fibers
3. Commissural fibers
4. Projection fibers
35
Intracortical fibers
Connect neurons in localized area
36
Association fibers
Connect between gyri and from lobe to lobe in same hemisphere eg. superior longitudinal fasciculus
37
Commissural Fibers
Connect homologous areas of 2 hemispheres eg. corpus callosum
38
Projection fibers
Connect cortex with subcortical nuclei
39
Name 2 projection fibers and if they are afferent or efferent
1. Corticofugal (efferent)
2. Corticopetal (afferent)
40
T or F: Some functions are lateralized to one hemisphere (eg. motor skills) resulting in higher functions on that one side
T
41
T or F: Everyones brain is the same
F
42
Neuroplasticity
Ability of nervous system to rewire
43
List 2 factors affected by neuroplasticity
1. Learning and memory
2. Recovery of function after injury
44
[blank] input is the most powerful driver of plasticity
Afferent
45
What is the diagnosis, any symptoms that through us off, and how to manage through physiotherapy
Diagnosis: Frontal lobe syndrome and xray/CT scan show multiple fontal bone fracture and edema
Symptoms that throw off: Sensory system issues like sensorimotor integration and anosmia; speech issues as all these areas are located in frontal cortex
Physiotherapy: Target exercise for grip strength, exercise focused on balance/coordination, active rehab for neuroplasticity, manage expectations/behavioral symptoms, and appropriate short/long-term planning with family
