Lecture 22+23: Immunizations

Question 1

the process of producing a state of resistance or protection from a pathogenic organism or toxic substance

Answer 1

immunization

Question 2

passive immunization

Answer 2

ready made antibodies
provides immediate immunological protection
- does NOT activate immune system
- does NOT generate memory response
- protection is transient

Question 3

natural passive immunizations

Answer 3

• maternal antibodies are transferred to offspring across the placenta and or in colostrum/milk
• goal is to protect the fetus until its own immune system is mature

Question 4

active immunizations

Answer 4

induced production of body’s own antibodies and effector T cells as a result of exposure to pathogen or vaccine

• repeated exposure increases antibody titers

Question 5

artificial passive immunizations

Answer 5

antibodies come from other sources
- goal is to protect an individual from a challenge before their immune system can be activated

Question 6

natural active immunizations

Answer 6

exposure to infectious agents results in antibody and memory T cell production

Question 7

artificial active immunizations

Answer 7

administration of vaccines w/ antibodies
antibodies and memory T cells develop

Question 8

what immunoglobulins are transferred from maternal antibodies to offspring in colostrum and or milk

Answer 8

Secretory IgA and IgG (and / or IgM)

• Secretory IgA remains in the gut

Question 9

what does it mean for neonates to be agammaglobulinemia?

Answer 9

they are dependent on antibodies absorbed into the bloodstream from maternal colostrum

• newborns don’t have any maternal antibody protection they are immunologically naive at birth

Question 10

If neonates don’t receive adequate colostrum, they are at a higher risk of…?

Answer 10

infection
infectious disease is a major cause of death in neonates w/ FPT.

Question 11

How does artificial passive immunization work

Answer 11

• serum is collected from an animal that has been hyperimmunized w/ the desired antigens
• immunoglobulins are harvested and purified
  then given to a patient to provide immediate protection

Question 12

Risks to consider w/ artificial passive immunizations

Answer 12

potential hypersensitivity reactions can occur
– horse antibodies are seen as non-self to canines
- may prevent patient from mounting an active immune response to the antigens

ex: tetanus antitoxin, snakebite antivenin

Question 13

how does tetanus antitoxin work

Answer 13

it is an artificial passive immunization used to prevent and treat tetanus in animals
- the antitoxin neutralizes the toxin and confers immediate passive immunity for 1-2 weeks

Question 14

what type of toxin is tetanus, where does it come from

Answer 14

a potent neurotoxin that inhibits muscle relaxation
- produced by Clostridium tetani

Question 15

what is active immunity?

Answer 15

immunity that develops in response to an infection or vaccine

Question 16

preventative vaccines are what type of immunization

Answer 16

artificial active

Question 17

do vaccines offer sterilizing immunity

Answer 17

no, you can still get a low level of infection
vaccination means the animals is significantly less likely to experience severe disease

Question 18

characteristics of live (infectious) vaccines

Answer 18

• replicate in host
• can sometimes be single dose
• less stable, shorter shelf life
• can potentially cause disease
• induces better immunity

Question 19

characteristics of non-living (non-infectious) vaccines

Answer 19

• cannot cause disease and are stable
• less robust immunity
• often require multiple doses

Question 20

what are live virulent vaccines?

Answer 20

• relatively rare, high risk of causing disease w/ live pathogen
• vaccination can help reduce clinical signs
• ex: Orf Vaccine (Orf = contagious pustular dermatitis or scabby mouth common in sheep and goats)

Question 21

live attenuated or modified live vaccines

Answer 21

contain intact, viable (living) organisms but their virulence has been reduced

they induce low-level infections and replicate but do not induce significant disease or tissue damage in immunocompetent patients

Question 22

what is the most common type of vaccine in veterinary medicine

Answer 22

modified live vaccines

Question 23

what is a tradition method of attenuation

Answer 23

repeated culture of the pathogen in a non-host strain so that the virus no longer grows well in original host cells

Question 24

what are 2 examples of traditionally attenuated MLV

Answer 24

Bovine coronavirus vaccine (BCV) protects calves against enteric disease

DA2PP vaccine (protects dogs against distemper, adenovirus type 2, parainfluenza virus, and parvovirus)

Question 25

how can CAV-2 protect against both CAV-1 and CAV-2

Answer 25

Cross protection

Question 26

what type of immunization may have deletions or modifications of key virulence factors

Answer 26

live attenuated or modified live ex: Aujesky's disease vaccine has a genetic deletion of thymidine kinase (TK) or glycoprotein E (gE)

Question 27

DIVA vaccines

Answer 27

Differentiation between Infected vs Vaccinated Animals AKA Marker vaccines

Question 28

what vaccine type allows for the differentiation b/w an infected vs vaccinated animals

Answer 28

DIVA (marker) vaccines

Question 29

Bovine coronavirus and DA2PP are examples of what type of vaccines

Answer 29

Live attenuated / modified live

Question 30

what type of vaccine is the pseudorabies (aujeszky's disease) vaccine

Answer 30

live attenuated and a DIVA

Question 31

what type of vaccine is the Orf Vx

Answer 31

Live virulent

Question 32

what type of vaccines are Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Rabies, Equine West Nile

Answer 32

Inactivated/killed vaccines

Question 33

what type of vaccine is the tetanus toxoid vaccine

Answer 33

toxoid

Question 34

what type of vaccine is the Streptococcus equine (strangles) Vx

Answer 34

Subunit vaccine

Question 35

type of vaccine that contains parts/portions of an organism

Answer 35

subunit vaccines

Question 36

what are adjuvants

Answer 36

substances that promote antigen persistence in tissue or enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen

Question 37

what type of vaccines are DIVA Vxs

Answer 37

Live attenuated / Modified Live

Question 38

what types of vaccines often require an adjuvant to maximize effectiveness

Answer 38

Inactivated/killed Vxs

Question 39

added to Vx to augment the immune response to antigens

Answer 39

adjuvants

Question 40

How to adjuvants help the immune system respond to antigens

Answer 40

increased persistence of antigen PRR activation enhanced antigen uptake increased antigen presentation to T cells recruitment of immune cells

Question 41

what type of vaccines contain genetically engineered DNA

Answer 41

Naked (plasmid) DNA vaccines

Question 42

Melanoma therapeutic Vx for dogs is what type of Vx

Answer 42

Naked (plasmid) DNA vaccine

Question 43

what type of vx is the Recombinant FeLV vx

Answer 43

Vectored Vx

Question 44

type of vaccine in which recombinant plasmid DNA is engineered and inserted into host organism in culture host cells synthesize recombinate proteins of interest vaccine contains purified recombinate proteins

Answer 44

recombinant subunit Vx

Question 45

vectored Vxs don't require what

Answer 45

adjuvants

Question 46

what type of immunization uses antitoxins/antivenins or pooled immune globulin

Answer 46

passive artificial

Question 47

where are Neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn) expressed and what do they bind

Answer 47

surface of enterocytes within the duodenum they bind maternal IgG

Question 48

what does it mean for neonates to be agammaglobulinemic

Answer 48

they do not have any maternal antibody protection; they are immunologically naïve at birth

Question 49

what is FPT (failure of passive transfer)

Answer 49

maternal antibodies fail to cross the placenta, so newborns are immunologically naive at birth.

Question 50

Neutralizes a toxin, confers immediate passive immunity for 1-2 weeks.

Answer 50

antitoxin | passive artifical

Question 51

What kind of immunization occurs via infection with a pathogenic substance?

Answer 51

natural active

Question 52

what is the goal of recombinant vaccines

Answer 52

to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to the antigens

Question 53

goal is to protect the fetus until its own immune system is mature, such as the transfer of maternal antibodies.

Answer 53

passive natural

Question 54

__________ vaccines are often less immunogenic and stimulate only humoral (antibody) responses. Often require the use of an ___________ to maximize the effectiveness of the immune response to the vaccine components.

Answer 54

Killed adjuvant

Question 55

Risks of artificial passive immunization are a potential _______________ reaction occurring, and prevention of the patient from mounting an _______ immune response to antigen(s).

Answer 55

hypersensitivity active

Question 56

Vaccines that contain parts/portions of an organism and an adjuvant. Ex) strangles vaccine in horses is a suspension of concentrated, purified M-protein from the bacterium, but no intact bacterial cells.

Answer 56

Subunit (Fractional) Vx

Question 57

Process that moves materials across a cell in a vesicle, how maternal antibodies cross the placenta

Answer 57

transcytosis

Question 58

Expressed in internal vesicles and when acidified, can bind maternal IgG

Answer 58

Neonatal Fc Receptors (FcRn)

Question 59

What type of live vaccine have pathogens that induce low-level infections and replicate, but do not induce significant disease or tissue damage in immune competent patients.

Answer 59

Live attenuated/modified

Question 60

What kind of immunization occurs via vaccination?

Answer 60

artificial active

Question 61

What type of vaccine can be composed of an antigenically-related organism to provide cross-protection?

Answer 61

modified live

Question 62

A type of recombinant vaccine that contains genetically engineered DNA. Immunogenicity gene is inserted into a plasmid expression vector, and the vaccine contains isolated/purified recombinant plasmid DNA.

Answer 62

Naked (Plasmid) DNA Vaccines

Question 63

what are the 3 types of recombinant vaccines

Answer 63

- Naked DNA vaccines - Recombinant subunit vaccines - Vectored vaccines

Question 64

Vaccines that contain harvested/purified recombinant protein(s) - recombinant plasmid DNA is engineered and inserted into a host in the organism in culture, then host cells synthesize the recombinant protein(s) of interest

Answer 64

recombinant subunit vaccines