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Human Anatomy > Lecture 22 EXAM 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 tunics of blood vessels?

A

tunica interna - thin endothelium
tunica Media - smooth Muscle
tunica externa - CT sheath around outside of vessel

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessles?

A
  1. Arteries - AWAY
  2. Veins - TO the heart
  3. Lymphatics - return lymph (interstitial fluid) to the heart
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3
Q

What does the tunica interna, media, externa in ARTERIES

A

round and thick walls
tunica interna - internal elastic membrane
tunica media - thick muscular layer
tunica externa - collagen and elastic fibers

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4
Q

What does the tunica interna, media, externa in VEINS?

A

Not always round, thin walls
tunica interna - smooth walls, no elastic membrane
tunica media - thin muscle layer
tunica externa - collagen and few elastic fibers

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5
Q

describe the blood vessel = Lymphatics ?

A 
return lymph (intersitial fluid) to heart
- VERY thin walled vessels with small valves
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6
Q

Where is all the blood ?

A

Heart and lungs = 15%
brain, arteries, capillaries = 20%
Skin, gut, liver, veins = 65%

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7
Q

What controls blood vessel diameter?

A

tunica media

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8
Q

What happens a BV vasoconstricts?

A

decrease in diameter

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9
Q

What happen when a BV vasodialates?

A

increase in diameter

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10
Q

What happens to BV in sympathetic response?

A

flight/fight

  • DILATION of capillary beds in muscles = increase O2 delivery
  • RESTICTION of blood supply to gut (redistribution blood)
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11
Q

What happens to BV in parasympathetic?

A

rest/digest

  • REDISTRIBUTE blood to gut (increase food absorption)
  • DILATION of cap. beds in gut (increase delivery of blood)
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12
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Arteries = bulge in arterial wall

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13
Q

What is varcose veins?

A

varrcosity = VEINS

- veins swollen/distorted by valve failure

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14
Q

what is arteriosclerosis?

A

abnormal thickening/ridgity of arteries

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15
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Restricted blood supply to an organ

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16
Q

what is a Stroke called?

A

cerebrovascular Accident = CVA

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17
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

varicose veins of the rectum and anus

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18
Q

What are the Venous drainage system of limbs and skin?

A
  1. superficail v. deep veins
  2. varicose veins
  3. hemorrhoids
    Medium and large veins have VALVES**
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19
Q

Where are the superficial veins of the arm and where are they located?

A

cephalic (ceiling) - top of arm
basilic (basement) - bottom of arm
medial cubital - where they meet at elbow region

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20
Q

what are the superficial veins of the leg?

A

great saphenous

small saphenous

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21
Q

What does the external carotid supply blood to?

A

Skin and muscles of back

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22
Q

What supply’s blood to the brain tissue?

A
  • internal carotid canal via carotid canal
  • vertebral a. via foramen magnum
  • all branches held in place by arachnoid matter
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23
Q

what is the arterial circle?

A

aka circle of willis

  • made up of internal carotid a. and basilar a.
  • anastomoic ring than enclosed pituitary gland
  • distribution loop for arterial supply to brain
  • important pharmelogical/ physiological properties
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24
Q

what makes up the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes (neuroglia) and endothelial cells

  • restricted permeability
  • control chemical exchange btw brain and blood
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25
Why does the neural tissue have to be isolated from general circulation?
- because circulating chemicals have disruptive effects
26
what are the 2 exceptions to the blood brain barrier?
1. capillaries in the choroid plexus - permeable : secretion of CSF 2. capillaries in the epithalmus and hypothalmus - permeable: secretion of hormones into circulation
27
where do most dural sinuses drain to?
internal jugular vein
28
Where does blood from the brain stem drain into?
vertebral vein
29
where does blood drain from the scalp, skin and muscles?
external jugular veins
30
what makes up the brachiocephalic veins?
vertebral + jugular + subclavian
31
what are the branches off of the celiac trunk?
Cowboys love sex - common hepatic - liver - left gastric - stomach - splenic - spleen and 1/2 of pancreas
32
What are the branches off of the superior mesenteric? and the organs
MRI middle colic - transverse colon right colic - ascending colon Intestinal - 1/2 pancreas, small intestine, appendix
33
What are the branches off of the inferior mesenteric? and the organs
LSR Left colic - descending colon Sigmoid - sigmoid colon Rectum - rectum
34
what is the portal vein?
defined as a vessel between 2 capillary beds | delivers oxygen deficient blood
35
the liver receives blood from what 2 sources?
1. celiac a. - common hepatic a. - proper hepatic a. | 2. hepatic portal v.
36
What filters and modifies substance?
Liver
37
the liver us drained by what into the inferior vena cava
- hepatic vein
38
what veins contribute to the hepatic portal vein?
``` - splenic v. from stomach. spleen and pancreas - Superior mesenteric v. from small intestine and colon - inferior mesenteric v. from rectum and descending colon ```
39
what is unique in fetal circulation?
- lungs are non functional - Liver/kidneys are somewhat function able - digestive tract has "nothing" to digest These functions perform by maternal system (mother)
40
describe the placenta?
- Extraordinary mass of capillary beds - fetal and maternal capillaries are in close proximity (NEVER TOUCHES) - exchange materials through diffusion - embryo/ fetus attached to the placenta via umbilical cord - remnant scar on abdominal wall in adults
41
What are the unique features of the fetal pulmonary circulation?
1. Foramen ovale - (shunt) - in the interatrial septa - reduces amount of blood passing to RV (Away from right ventricle) 2. Ductus arteriosus (Shunt) btw pulmonary trunk and aorta - blood in RV shunted (away from lungs) into aorta (blood away from pulmonary circuit to aorta)
42
What are some of the fetal circulatory changes made at birth?
- loss of umbilical arteries, veins and ductus venosus - ductus arteriosus closes (isolates pulm/syst. circuits) - neonate inhales/expands lungs, pulmonary circuit starts - blood flows to left atrium = foramen ovale closes - may take up to 3- months for shunts to completely close
43
What happens when Foramen Ovale does not close?
- pulmonary shunt #1 remains intact = BLUE BABY
44
What happens when the Ductus Arteriosus does not close?
Pulmonary shunt #2 remain s intact = BLUE BABY
45
What happens when there is a coarctation of the aorta (complicated)?
aorta (not ductus arteriosus ) closes | - critical to develop a collateral circulation
46
does the lymphatic system has valves?
YES
47
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes - return of interstitial fluid from tissues to the blood - maintain osmotic balance in peripheral tissues
48
What are lyphopoiesis?
production of lymphocytes | - bone marrow thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues
49
Wha makes up the lymphatic organs?
thymus, tonsils, spleen GALT
50
What makes up the lymph Fluid ?
Fluid similar to plasma but with fewer proteins
51
How do lymphatic vessels compare to vascular capillaries?
lymphatic vessels are slightly larger
52
Right and Left lymphatic ducts return lymph to What?
R/L subclavian veins
53
True or false Lymphatic vessels do not have Valves?
FALSE = They have valves to ensure one - way flow of lymph
54
Lymphatic vessels combine to from larger ducts Where are they on the body?
Right lymphatic duct - drains the R. arm, R. shoulder, both legs, , R. half of face Left lymphatic duct - everything else
55
What is Edema??
abnormal accumulation of fluid peripheral tissues (swelling)
56
What does Lymph nodes do?
Filtering system fro the circulating lymph - removes 99% antigens before returning lymph to blood - location of fixed macrophages (monocytes)
57
Describe Lymph nodes structurally?
small lymphnoids organs (<10 mm in diameter | - wide spread throughout the body?
58
What are the 3 tonsils?
1. pharyngeal (adenoids) - roof of nasopharynx 2. Palatine x 2 = sides of mouth at the rear of the oral cavity 3. Lingual - at roof of tonuge
59
describe the tonsils?
- tonsils encircle the opening of resp. / dig. systems | - identify pathogens from inspired air/ ingested foods
60
What is a tonsillectomy?
Surgical removal of (typically palatine) tonsils
61
What is a adenoidectomy?
- surgical removal of pharyngeal tonsils
62
What is the function of the spleen?
- largest lymphoid mass/tissue in body - removes abnormal RBC/WBC - stores iron from recycled RBC - initiate immune response by B and T cells
63
Describe GALT?
gut associated - lymphoid Tissue - Immune response with GI tract - Peyer's patches (lymphoid nodules) in lining of S.I.
64
Describe GALT?
gut associated - lymphoid Tissue - Immune response with GI tract - Peyer's patches (lymphoid nodules) in lining of S.I.

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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