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Human Anatomy > Lecture 23 EXAM 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 EXAM 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

c6 h10 o6 + 6o2 —> 6co2 + 6h2o + ATP

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2
Q

diffusion of blood gasses requires what?

A

Thin walls + moist surfaces + rich blood supply

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3
Q

What makes are the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus

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4
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, lungs, and pleural cavity

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5
Q

what is the anterior opening of the nostril?

A

Bone: external nares

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6
Q

what cartilage supports the nostril?

A

(nostril = vestibule)

Alar cartilage

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7
Q

what makes up the nasal septum ? anterior and posterior portions?

A

anterior - septum formed by hayline cartilage

posterior - vomer, ethmoid bones

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8
Q

the lateral walls of the nasal cavity has several openings what are they?

A

nasolacrimal duct - carry tears
paranasal sinus - drain via paranasal ducts
all ducts/ sinuses lined with a mucous membrane

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9
Q

what is the posterior opening to the nasal cavity?

A

internal nares

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10
Q

What is the membrane covering the respiratory epithelium?

A

mucous membrane

  • pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium = another name for respiratory epithelium
  • cilia sweep particles (trapped in mucous) to mouth
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11
Q

What is the pharynx and the regions?

A

Pharynx - common passage for respiratory epithelium

  • nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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12
Q

where is the nasopharynx?

A

Space above the soft palate, posterior to nasal cavity

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13
Q

What tonsil is in the nasopharyngeal?

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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14
Q

the auditory tubes connect what to middle ear?

A

nasopharynx

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15
Q

where is the oropharynx?

A

space below the soft palate and above the hyoid

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16
Q

What tonsil is associated with what pharynx?

A

oropharynx
palatine tonsils - located at the lateral walls
lingual tonsils - located at base of tongue

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17
Q

where is the laryngopharynx?

A

Space between hyoid and glottis

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18
Q

What are the functions of the Larynx?

A
  • Cylinder - reinforced with cartilage
  • suspended below hyoid bone
  • surrounds and protects the glottis + Trachea
  • vocal cords vibrate to produce sound
  • Epiglottis - (Protective cover/ valve)
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19
Q

laryngeal cartilages are what?

A

modified tracheal rings

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19
Q

laryngeal cartilages are what?

A

modified tracheal rings

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20
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage?

A

Large shield like

adams apple

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21
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

Medium sized, ring shaped

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22
Q

what is the Arytenoid cartilage?

A

(2) anchor for vocal ligament

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23
Q

What is the corniculate cartilage?

A

(2) anchor for vestibular ligaments

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24
What is the Cuneiform cartilage?
(2) stabilize epiglottis
25
describe the structure of the epiglottis?
- Plate like sheet of elastic cartilage (ridged) - hinged: folds over to cover the glottis - "valve" that diverts food to esophagus (protect airway)
26
what are the 2 laryngeal ligaments?
vestibular lig. + vestibular folds = vestibular cords = FALSE - attaches to corniculate cartilage True vocal lig. + true vocal folds = TRUE vocal cords
27
What changes the sound and pitch of your voice?
tensions and stretching of the vocal cords
28
what 2 structures does the trachea attach too?
Larynx and lungs
29
describe the trachea?
- tough flexible tube - c shape hayline cartilage - connected by annular ligament - trachea is linned with respiratory epithelium - trachea divided to form R/L primary bronchi
30
Where is the trachealis muscle?
posterior "gap" between rings
31
where does the Carnia branch off at?
burification @ T5
32
what is a tracheostomy?
surgical opening in the trachea to allow passage of air
33
what bronchus is longer and aligned with the trachea?
Right
34
describe the primary into the secondary bronchi?
bronchi split to form secondary (LOBAR) bronchi | - right side has 3 bronchi , left side has 2 bronchi
35
describe the secondary into the tertiary bronchi?
bronchi split to form. the tertiary (SEGMENTAL) bronchi | - located within each bronchopulmonary segment
36
describe the bronchi splitting into bronchioles?
- bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles | - respiratory bronchioles terminate in several alveoli
37
in sympathetic ANS what does the bronchi do?
bronchiodialate
38
In the parpasympathetic ANS the bronchi do what?
bronchoconstriction
39
what is surfactant?
compound that lowers surface tension between surfaces
40
in the bronchi what does not remove debis?
Macrophages remove debris (not cilia)
41
what is the site for gas exchange?
Alveoli
42
What epithelium is on the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium (very thin, allows O2 to pass) - wall is very thin = respiratory membrane - vascular: facilitates O2 pickup and loss of CO2
43
what cells produce surfactant? in the alveoli
Septal cells produce surfactant | - surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli
44
What fibers push air out of segemnt in alveoli?
Elastic fibers
45
What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?
premature babies don't produce enough surfactant - alveolar walls stick together = alveolar collapse - insufficient respiratory surface = blue baby
46
What are the root, hilus, and lobes of the lungs?
root: Bronchus Hilus: point of entry supported by pulmonary ligament Lobes: - right lung (3) superior, middle, inferior - left lung (2) superior and inferior
47
What is all contained in the mediastinum?
(central portion of the thoracic cavity) - heart, aorta, vena cava, trachea, root of lung - esophagus, thymus, CN X and phrenic nerve
48
where is the Visceral Pleura?
Serous membrane on the lung surface
49
Where is the Parietal Pleura?
serous membrane linning pleural cavity
50
What makes up the pleural cavity?
"potential space" | between visceral and parietal
51
what is found in between the parietal and visceral pleura?
Serous fluid | - surface tension that holds pleura together
52
What is pneumothorax?
- air enters pleural cavity - Serous fluid can no longer maintain pleural contact - lungs collapse
53
What makes up the pericardial sac?
parietal pleura + parietal pericardium
54
What is sucking wounds?
Elastic tissue draws the lungs into a sense lump of tissue - collapse draws air through open wound
55
What is pleural adhesions?
- damage to visceral and parietal pleura - tissue healing process confuses visc. and par. layers - pleural adhesion from between visc. and par. layers - painful during deep breaths and body movements
56
What is Emphysema?
destruction of alveoli - COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 90% of smokers - loss of SA for gas exchange - shortness of breath
57
What is pulmonary embolism?
Blood clot in lungs | - clots block pulmonary blood vessels causes infarction/necrosis
58
What happens during inspiration?
1. Diaphragm contracts (phrenic nerve) - flattens: ncreases volume of thorax - compresses abdominal contents pressure decreases (vacuum) air is pulled into the lungs
59
What muscles do you use during forced inspiraton?
several muscles raise rib cage | - external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor
60
What happens during expiration?
1. decreases volume of thorax - rebound of abdominal contents mostly passive
61
What happens during forced expiration?
- abdominal wall compresses gut - internal intercostals muscles compress rib cage decrease thoracic volume: air is forced out of lungs
62
What are the respiratory centers for control of breathing?
- pons and medulla oblongata
63
What are the mechanoreceptors for control of breathing?
lung volume + blood pressure
64
What are the chemoreceptors for control of breathing?
CO2 and O2 and blood PH
65
What is the purpose for a cough?
Reflex to protect respiratory tract

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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