Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

How many living animal species are described? What percentage do the insects, molluscs, ctŕustaceans, mammals and primates make up?

A
  1. 7-2 million living animal species desribed
    - 75% insects
    - 6% molluscs

3% crustaceans

  • 0.4% mammals
  • 0.02% primates
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2
Q

How many species are possibly in the world?

A

-numbers of species estimated up to 10 million living but only up to 2 million described

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3
Q

Into how many phyla is the animals kingdom described?

A

30+

  • phylum is the highest unit of calssification after Kingdom
  • animals are grouped into phyla based on shared characteristics
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4
Q

What does it mean that animals are heterotrophs?

A

animals= heterotrophs, need to consume other organisms to survive, don’t have cell walls

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5
Q

What were one of the earliest animals?

A
  • sponges
  • on the left
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6
Q

What are the characteristsics of the phylum Nematoda?

A
  • round worms
  • many species (c 25 000 described)
  • aquatic and terrestrial
  • important parasites (all plants and animals) have at least one nematode
  • most abundant animals in Antarctica
  • moult (like athropods)
  • eutelic (fixed number of cells/species)
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum Onychophora?

A
  • velvet warms or claw bearers
  • terrestrial
  • have antennae (unique for worms)
  • capture prey by throwing out sticky threads (like a web)
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum Bryozoa?

A
  • encrusting aquatic organisms
  • colonial
  • feed with modified foot (lopophore)
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum Tardigrada?

A
  • “water bears or moss piglets”
  • live in fresh water, moss and undergrowth
  • capable of surviving extremes (10 years without water)
  • on final flight of space shuttle Endeavour
  • also eutelic (specific number of cells)
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10
Q

What are the 5 criteria to help classify phyla?

A
  1. symmetry- what kind?
  2. germ layers- how many?
  3. coelom (body cavity)- present or absent?
  4. blastopore- does it form anus or mouth?
  5. segmentation- present or absent?
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of symmetry?

A
  1. bilateral= -have one plane along which they are symmetrical
    - can talk about anterior/posterior, dorsal/ ventral, left/right
  2. radial symmetry= have several planes along which they are symmetrical
    - bilateral= most common= us
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12
Q

What are the germ layers?

A

-layers of embryo cells that develop into body features

two layers= diploblastic

three layers= triploblastic (have the mesoderm= capable of differentiating into many tissues and features)

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13
Q

What is the blastula?

A

-early developmental stage when cells begin to differentiate

fertilisation- morula-blastula then the three layers= as bent get the future gut, opening to it= blastopore

=simplest organisms pretty much that, no more differentiation

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14
Q

What is the coelom, who has it and why is it important?

A
  • triploblasts
  • coelom present= coelomate
  • coelom absent= acoelomate
    importance: fluid filled so can be used for internal support
  • separates internal processes from gut
  • allows transport of fluids (circulatory and excretory systems)
  • provides space for development of internal organs
  • enables body size
  • allows increase in girth
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15
Q

What does the blastopore become?

A

PROTOSTOME: mouth first, either blastopore becomes mouth, anus later or blastopore becomes mouth and anus at the same time

DEUTEROSTOME: blastopore becomes anus, mouth develops later

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16
Q

What is segmentation?

A
  • is the body divided into segments?
  • segmentation affects the mesoderm and ectoderm
17
Q

What are 4 other ways of distinguishing animals?

A
  1. moulting (Edysozoa-arthropods)
  2. feeding mechanisms
  3. larval biology
  4. reproduction
18
Q

Which phyla do we study?

19
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum Porifera (sponges)?

A
  • simplest animals
  • aquatic, mainly marine
  • no mouth or gut
  • layers of cells with protein matrix, no tissues or organs
  • no nervous system
  • mainly filter feeders
  • have specialised cells= pinocytes= can engulf larger prey
  • sexual and asexual reproduction
  • two layers of cells

minimal means of responding to the outer environment
can release sperm and eggs out into the environment,
-symmetry, radial nor bilateral

20
Q

What are the three classes into which the phylum Cnidaria is divided into?

A
  1. Hydras (Hydrozoa)
  2. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa)
  3. Corals and anemones (Anthozoa)
21
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum cnidaria?

A
  • radial symmetry (mostly)
  • diploblastic
  • acoelomate
  • unsegmented
  • nerve net
  • reproduction= usually sexual
  • two germ layers
  • simple but step up from sponges
  • nerve net on the outside

-=nervous system sort of

-no posterior and anterior part
-can tell different between light and dark
-it is in the mesoglea
photoreceptors

22
Q

What is the body structure of a cnidarian?

A
  • two body layers are separated by a gelatinous layer= mesoglea
  • polyp form= just sits there

most have a second form= medusa= moving swimming form
if you take polyp turn upside down= medusa almost= very similar some of the names for things change

23
Q

What do cnidarians use to catch prey?

A

-nematocysts

–use cell nematocyst to sting and catch prey

-it is in the cnidocyte
there is a trigger= move there= shoots it out-transfers poison or toxin= hurts

24
Q

Describe the cnidarian life cycle:

A

planula=larvae= swims around
-time spent in each depends on the species, jellyfish= sexual, coral= polyp asexual most of the time

25
What are the characteristics of the class Hydrozoa?
- Hydra - freshwater polyp - long tentacles for prey capture-with stinging cells - anchored by "foot" - spent lot of the time=as a polyp
26
What are the characteristics of the class Schyphozoa?
- jellyfish - marine, free-swimming - also have stinging tentacles (sometimes very poisonous) - one of the world's longets animals (200ft) long is the lion's mane jellyfish (80m tentacle sin lion's mane jellyfish)
27
What are the characteristics of the class Anthozoa?
- anemones and corals - marine polyps - often colonial - many have symbiotic algae living intra-cellularly (coral provide algae with nutrients and protection) (-algae provides coral with N2 and organic C compounds) --algae provide coral with nutrients etc if the larvae aren't there= coral goes white and dies -radially symmetric, diploblast simple nerve mats
28
What are the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes?
- flatworms - two modes of living: free-living aquatic or parasitic - four classes - bilateral symmetry - triplobalstic - acoelomate - protostome (simple gut with mouth only) - unsegmented - bottom surface covered in cillia= aids movement - separation of anterior and posterior end= there is mass of nerve cells in the head
29
What are the four classes of Platyheminthes?
Turbellaria: aquatic free-living flatworm, colourful Monogenea:extrenal flukes, parasitic Trematoda: internal flukes, parasitic Cestoda: tapeworm, parasitic -
30
What are the characteristics of tapeworms? (class Cestoda)
- vertrebrate gut parasites - famously used as diet aid - attach to intestinal lining via head structure (scolex) - feed by absorption through epidermis - reproduce by breaking off body segments (proglotttids) - can grow very long is very thin= can feed trhough absorption they grow in segments= each bit is segment of egg and sperm= can become new tapeworm= it is not segmented as such as it is not fixed in the adult individual