Lecture 25

Question 1

genetic disorder on chromosome 21
life expectancy: over 60 years
longer reaction time
longer movement time
irregular trajectories
high variability
small cerebellum
can be improved with traiing

Answer 1

Down Syndrome

Question 2

most common among pervasive developmental disorders

Answer 2

Autism

Question 3

a spectrum disorder

Answer 3

Autism

Question 4

difficulty in verbal expression
distress for unclear reasons
difficulty in social situations
lack of responsiveness to words
sustained odd play
physical over activity or extreme under activity
uneven gross/fine motor skills
unknown cause
low weight cerebellum

Answer 4

Autism

Question 5

contributing factors: genetic; certain medical conditions; harmful substances during pregnancy

Answer 5

Austism

Question 6

causes are unknown
increased levels of cocontraction
associated with a smaller cerebellum

Answer 6

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Question 7

typical features: tripping, running into others; dropping objects; unsteady gait; speech problems

Answer 7

developmental coordination disorder

Question 8

developmental delays: sitting up, crawling, walking, deficits in handwriting and reading; problems in fine and gross motor skills

Answer 8

developmental coordination disorder

Question 9

progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles

Answer 9

dystrophies

Question 10

site: muscle
genetic diseases
mostly males are affected

Answer 10

muscular dystrophy

Question 11

mutation of gene responsible for dystrophin, a protein involved in maintaining integrity muscle fibers

Answer 11

duchenne dystrophy

Question 12

late to walk; waddling unsteady gait

respirator dependence by the age of 20

Answer 12

duchenne dystrophy

Question 13

similar to duchenne dystrophy (mutation of gene responsible for dystrophin)
clinical symptoms appear at adolescence
slower disease progression; longer life expectancy

Answer 13

becker dystrophy

Question 14

most common adult form of muscular dystrophy

Answer 14

myotonic dystrophy

Question 15

prolonged episode of muscle activity after its voluntary contraction

Answer 15

myotonia

Question 16

finger & facial muscles affected first
high-stepping, floppy footed gait
long face; drooping eyelids

Answer 16

myotonic dystrophy

Question 17

slowed conduction in a single nerve

Answer 17

mononeuropathies

Question 18

reduced amplitude of motor and or sensory potentials

signs of denercation

Answer 18

mononeuropathies

Question 19

entrapment of the median nerve at the risk ulnar nerve can be entrapped near the elbow

Answer 19

carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 20

mostly seen in muscle innervated by median and ulnar nerves

Answer 20

brachial plexus lesions

Question 21

peroneal pressure palsy

Answer 21

peroneal

Question 22

tassel tunnel syndrome

Answer 22

tibial

Question 23

may be associated with demyelinating neuropathies

Answer 23

polyneuropathies

Question 24

reduced recruitment; conduction block; may result in permanent axonal loss (characterized by demyelination)

Answer 24

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Question 25

common recovery, but nerve conduction velocity may remain slow

Answer 25

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Question 26

Neuronal degenerations

Answer 26

1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) | 2. Poliomyelitis

Question 27

enterovirus destroying anterior horn cells; EMGs show chronic denervation; may lead to weakness and pain

Answer 27

Poliomyelitis

Question 28

partial loss of voluntary control of muscle activity

Answer 28

paraesis

Question 29

total loss of voluntary motor control

Answer 29

plegia

Question 30

two extremities are involved (forelimbs or hindlimb)

Answer 30

Para

Question 31

half of the body is involved

Answer 31

hemi

Question 32

all four extremities are involved

Answer 32

quadri

Question 33

with positive signs of spasticity

Answer 33

spastic (hyperreflexia)

Question 34

without positive signs of spasticity

Answer 34

flaccid (areflexia)

Question 35

hemisyndroms

Answer 35

supraspinal

Question 36

quadripariesis or quadraplegia

Answer 36

cervical

Question 37

Dammage to descending and ascending spinal tracts | destruction of spinal neuronal apparatus

Answer 37

spinal cord injuries

Question 38

``` demyelination of axons within CNS macrophages and mononuclear cells can strip away myelin impairment of balance intentional tremor disco ordination of limbs dysarthria facial weakness and numbness delayed evoked potentials ```

Answer 38

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 39

``` Bradykinesia tremor rigidity postural deficits deficits in APAs increased preprogrammed reactions ```

Answer 39

Parkinson's disease

Question 40

characterized by chorea and dementia | death after 15-20 years

Answer 40

huntington's disease

Question 41

atrophy of caudate uncles, decrease in glutamate and ACh activity

Answer 41

huntington's disease

Question 42

generalized, irregular, restless, often psuedopurposive movements

Answer 42

chorea