Lecture 25-Adulthood and older people

Question 1

what is said about the age status of our population

Answer 1

we have an aging population

Question 2

what is happening to the life expectancy in New Zealand

Answer 2

increasing

Question 3

what is the average life expectancy of males and females

Answer 3

males = 80 years

females = 83.5 years

Question 4

human life expectancy is rising but lifespan remains stable at around the age of

Answer 4

110-120

Question 5

despite the prevalence of chronic diseases that accompanies older age, what % of people aged 75 an older consider themselves to be in good, very good or even excellent health

Answer 5

72%

Question 6

what is chronological age

Answer 6

age since birth

Question 7

functional age reflects what and is highly

Answer 7

reflects the decline in function that occurs with time and is highly variable

Question 8

some 80 year olds have the physcial and mental capacities similar to ….

Answer 8

year olds- other people experience decline much younger

Question 9

what is the key focus to age in older adults

Answer 9

improving quality of life - adding life to years rather than simply more years to life

Question 10

what is the third age in elderly years

Answer 10

the age between retirement age and age related physical, emotional and cognitive limitations

They have time to enjoy life

Question 11

in the third age elderly are retired but

Answer 11

healthy and active

Question 12

during the third age elderly have more time to

Answer 12

increase physical activity and give more attention to diet and healthy lifestyle

Question 13

During third age do they have medical problems

Answer 13

Minor controllable medical problems

Question 14

what is the fourth age in elderly

Answer 14

declines in general health, loss of weight

impaired nutrition / malnutrition

serious disease or fast aging

hospital or rest home care

reliance on assisted living services

Question 15

longevity is what % genetics, healthcare, environmental and lifestyle

Answer 15

19% genetics

10% healthcare

20% environment

51% lifestyle

Question 16

what has the biggest impact on nutritional status in elderly

Answer 16

changes to musculoskeletal system has the biggest

Question 17

lean body mass decreases what % after the age of 50

Answer 17

1 - 2 % per year

Question 18

when does lean body mass reduction accelerate

Answer 18

accelerates further after the age of 80

Question 19

what is the decline of lean body mass in men like compared to women

Answer 19

men = gradual decline

women = sudden drop after menopause

Question 20

physical activity can mitigate losses of what

Answer 20

lean body mass losses

Question 21

in elderly, bone mineral and collagen matrix are removed more rapidly than what, which leads to what

Answer 21

more rapidly than they are replaced

leads to increased risk of developing osteoporosis and fractures

Question 22

what is another change to body composition in elderly years

Answer 22

body fat increases

Question 23

BMI …… is considered what in the elderly

Answer 23

<18.5

Question 24

higher body weight (BMI 24-30.9) is considered what in elderly

Answer 24

protective, less of an issue about being in the “overweight” category

Question 25

how is BMI different in elderly

Answer 25

the BMI category that is overweight is not as much as a concern

Question 26

...... BMI is recommended for older adults

Answer 26

20-30

Question 27

inadequate protein intake can contribute to what in elderly

Answer 27

to muscle wasting (sarcopenia), weak bones, weakened immune system and delayed wound healing

Question 28

what are the factors involved with higher protein needs in older adults

Answer 28

- anabolic resistance - low postprandial amino acid availability - decreased muscle perfusion - sarcopenia - disease related protein catabolism

Question 29

what are the factors involved in lower protein intake in older adults

Answer 29

- genetic predisposition - physiological changes - medical changes - physical disability and mental disorders - socioeconomic conditions

Question 30

optimal intake of at least …….. protein is recommended in older adults, individual needs depend upon the severity of malnutrition risk

Answer 30

at least 1 to 1.5 g protein/kg BW/day

Question 31

in older adults regular exercise helps

Answer 31

maintain skeletal muscle strength and function in older adults

Question 32

in older adults, resistance training has

Answer 32

limited but positive effect on recovery of muscle in older people

Question 33

what is the recommendation for healthy muscle aging

Answer 33

a combination of resistance training and adequate dietary / amino acids intake for healthy muscle aging is recommended

Question 34

Older adults have greater protein needs to compensate for ...... and ..... Older adults may also have decreased intake due to

Answer 34

Anabolic resistance Hyper-metabolic disease age-related appetite loss, medical condition, financial limits

Question 35

firstly it is important that older adults are getting enough protein, they may also see benefit from …

Answer 35

distributing their protein intake across all meals of the day

Question 36

what meal in elderly is most commonly low in protein

Answer 36

breakfast

Question 37

how is the gastrointestinal system affecting in elderly which influences nutrition

Answer 37

- decreased saliva secretion - difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) - decreased secretion of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes - decreased vitamin B12 absorption - decreased peristalsis

Question 38

altered GI mobility in elderly can result in

Answer 38

constipation or diarrhoea

Question 39

why is there slower intestinal mobility in elderly people

Answer 39

intestinal wall losses strength and elasticity and hormonal secretions change

Question 40

what is atrophic gastritis

Answer 40

-Atrophy of the stomach mucosa resulting in reduced gastric acid, intrinsic factor and pepsin

Question 41

what needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed into the small intestine

Answer 41

vitamin B12

Question 42

atrophic gastritis can lead to what

Answer 42

can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency ( can take up to 3-6 years of poor absorption)

Question 43

what are the changes to the nervous system in older adults that influences nutrition

Answer 43

- blunted appetite regulation -blunted thirst regulation - declining number of olfactory receptors, blood flow to nasal smell organ and increased thickness of nasal mucus - reduced nerve conduction velocity, affecting sense of smell, taste, touch, cognition - changed sleep at the wake cycle becomes shorter

Question 44

what is polypharamcy

Answer 44

use of multiple medications

Question 45

what are the two ways of getting medications

Answer 45

prescription medications (medicines ordered by a health professional) over the counter medication

Question 46

what is the concern with polypharamcy and older adults

Answer 46

concern when they are taking multiple medications, who is monitoring what they are taking

Question 47

how many older adults are exposed to poly pharmacy approx

Answer 47

more than half

Question 48

older adults taking multiple medications tend to be

Answer 48

- frail - experience greater weight loss - weakness - low activity

Question 49

medications may require dietary restrictions and can interfere with

Answer 49

- appetite - digestion - metabolism - alterness

Question 50

what are the consequences of polypharamacy

Answer 50

- drug - drug interactions increases - adverse drug interactions - adherence to medications declines - may increase renal impairment