Lecture 26 (Vaccination) Flashcards by Timberlee Howell

what are vaccines?

vaccines are biologic preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular disease process

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

typically, vaccines contain agents that resemble ________________ in disease process

proteins/substances

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

vaccines may be ____________ to prevent or ameliorate future disease

a) prophylactic
b) therapeutic

a) prophylactic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

vaccines may be __________ to treat a current disease process (cancer vaccines)

a) prophylactic
b) therapeutic

b) therapeutic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is immunoprophylaxis?

the enhancement of a specific immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

colostral antibodies, anti-toxin, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies

a) passive immunization
b) active immunization

a) passive immunization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

administer antigen to generate specific immunologic responses

a) passive immunization
b) active immunization

b) active immunization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sterilizing immunity is maximum response (Feline parvovirus)

a) response may prevent infection
b) response may prevent disease

a) response may prevent infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

-non-sterilizing immunity (feline calicivirus, herpes virus, etc.)
-agent can infect but causes minimal to no disease
-does not prevent chronic carrier status

a) response may prevent infection
b) response may prevent disease

b) response may prevent disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dried nervous tissue from rabid animals could provide prophylaxis against rabies

a) infectious vaccine
b) non-infectious vaccine

b) non-infectious vaccine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

passive immunization

-transfer of specific antibodies or immune-reactive substances from one individual to another

-maternal immunity (placental or colostral)

-prophylactic and therapeutic (tetanus toxoid)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prophylactic and therapeutic are an example of [passive/active] immunization

passive immunization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

disadvantages of passive immunization

-allergic reactions may occur
-transfer of disease possible
-delays ability to vaccinate
-short-lived protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

advantages of passive immunization

-immediate protection
-good for poor immunogens (tumor antigens)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

discuss active immunization

-stimulating the host with all or part of an organism (i.e. antigen)

-produces an active immune response

-prolonged period of protection/strong immune protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

active immunization can be achieved through what two things?

-natural infection
-vaccination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

vaccine design must deliver __________ efficiently to antigen-presenting cells

antigen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why do both B and T cells need to be stimulated by a vaccine?

-to generate humoral and cellular immunity
-to generate large numbers of memory cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T cells should be reactive to multiple epitopes in the vaccine to improve the likelihood of a response across _________ alleles

MHC II

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ideal vaccine should be…

-inexpensive
-stable
-adaptable to mass vaccination
-confer strong & long lasting immunity w/ no or minimal side effects

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

may contain inactivated partial or whole pathogen

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pathogen often denatured to inactivate

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

stable storage

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

safe in immunosuppressed patients (pregnant patients)

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

will not spread to other patients a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

generate TH2 CD4+ response a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

subunit/recombinant vaccines a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

require adjuvant a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

what is an adjuvant?

-a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines -increases duration and amount of immune-stimulation

t/f: adjuvants can cause local reactions

true

weak immunogenicity a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

a) noninfectious vaccine

what are the two types of adjuvant?

vehicles/depots -immunomodulators

adjuvants: vehicles/depots include...

-metallic salts -oils -lipids -mineral gels -liposomes

serve to maintain antigen at specific site and intensify response a) depots/vehicles b) immunomodulators

a) depots/vehicles

enhance cell mediated immunity, provide slow antigen release and degradation, stimulate cytokine release, activate innate immunity a) depots/vehicles b) immunomodulators

b) immunomodulators

adjuvants: immunomodulators include...

-bacterial components -CpG islands -dextran sulfate -acemannan -saponin

t/f: noninfectious vaccines do not require multiple inoculations initially and repeated boosters

false - they do

what are infectious vaccines?

vaccines that "infect" or "transfect" cells and use host machinery to promote immunologic response

what is a classic example of an infectious vaccine?

-use of the cowpox virus -by Edward Jenner -promote immunity to small pox

this category now includes genetically engineered viral and DNA vectors in addition to traditional attenuated viruses and mutated viruses a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

b) infectious vaccine

the infection process amplifies overall immune response a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

b) infectious vaccine

provides prolonged immune exposure a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

b) infectious vaccine

increased immunogenicity and memory cell production a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

b) infectious vaccine

lower chance of hypersensitivity a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

b) infectious vaccine

may be given by natural route (nasal/oral) a) noninfectious vaccine b) infectious vaccine

b) infectious vaccine

t/f: adjuvant is required for an infectious vaccine

false - not required

infectious vaccines stimulate which two TH responses?

TH1 and TH2

discuss recombinant vector vaccines

-used as carriers to express antigens of other pathogens -insertion of genes for protective antigens into genome of another agent -viruses may be used

DNA-based vaccines

-simple vectors for in vivo transfection -injection into muscle cells leads to expression and cross-presentation

bacterial DNA activates [adaptive/innate] response

innate

this type of vaccine may be safer in immunocompromised hosts than a live vector vaccine

DNA vaccine

advantages of using infectious vaccines

-stimulates CMI & humoral response -immunity is long-lasting -single inoculation usually effective -lower antigenic mass required -no adjuvant required

disadvantages of using infectious vaccines

-reversion to virulence -contamination -lower stability -risk to immunosuppressed animals -risk to fetus

when would you use a MLV vs. killed vaccine

in herd immunity - MLV good due to virus shedding

considerations when choosing MLV vs. killed vaccine

-health of animal -pregnancy status -age -herd immunity

promotes transient mucosal immunity a) nasal vaccine b) systemic vaccine

b) systemic vaccine

promotes durable mucosal immunity a) nasal vaccine b) systemic vaccine

a) nasal vaccine

systemic vaccines generate which immunoglobulin?

IgG

rabies virus vaccine a) MLV b) killed c) recombinant

b) killed

canine distemper vaccine a) MLV b) killed c) recombinant

a) MLV c) recombinant *either one of these

canine parvovirus vaccine a) MLV b) killed c) recombinant

a) MLV

-facial edema, pruitis, wheals -anaphylaxis a) type I hypersensitivity b) type II hypersensitivity c) type III hypersensitivity d) type IV hypersensitivity

a) type I hypersensitivity

-IMHA -ITP a) type I hypersensitivity b) type II hypersensitivity c) type III hypersensitivity d) type IV hypersensitivity

b) type II hypersensitivity

-post vaccine vasculitis -Blue eye (CAV-1) -delayed 1-3 months post-vaccine a) type I hypersensitivity b) type II hypersensitivity c) type III hypersensitivity d) type IV hypersensitivity

c) type III hypersensitivity

postvaccinal encephalomyelitis (CDV) a) type I hypersensitivity b) type II hypersensitivity c) type III hypersensitivity d) type IV hypersensitivity

d) type IV hypersensitivity

t/f: mRNA vaccines generate TH1 biased response

true

Immune Reactant: IgE Important Cells Involved: mast cells (& eosinophils) Mechanism of Damage: TH2 response, degranulation of mast cells & eosinophils // inflammation which Hypersensitivity?

Type I hypersensitivity

Immune Reactant: IgG (& IgM) Important Cells Involved: neutrophils and macrophages Mechanism of Damage: antibodies made against cell surface antigens or extracellular matrix antigens // opsonization, phagocytosis, etc. which Hypersensitivity?

Type II hypersensitivity

Immune Reactant: IgG (& IgM) Important Cells Involved: neutrophils & mast cells Mechanism of Damage: immune complexes of antigen and antibody aren't removed by phagocytosis // deposited in vascular basement membranes, etc. which Hypersensitivity?

Type III hypersensitivity

Immune Reactant: TH1 & CTLs Important Cells Involved: T cells, APCs, and macrophages Mechanism of Damage: CD4+ activating macrophages and producing cytokine-mediated inflammation or CD8+ causing direct target cell lysis which Hypersensitivity?

Type IV hypersensitivity

which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following: -Allergic rhinitis -Asthma -Systemic Anaphylaxis -Vaccine reactions

Type I hypersensitivity

which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following: -Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) -Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) -Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) -Myasthenia Gravis -Pemphigus vulgaris -Drug reactions -Acute Rheumatic Fever

Type II hypersensitivity

which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following: -Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) -Purpura (Little bruises on the skin) -Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO) -Blue Eye -Farmer's Lung (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis) -Serum sickness -Rheumatoid arthritis (Non-Erosive) -Glomerulonephritis associated with Rheumatic Fever

Type III hypersensitivity

which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following: -Allergic contact dermatitis -Tuberculin reaction (used for Tb test) -Type 1 diabetes -Erosive arthritis -Multiple sclerosis

Type IV hypersensitivity

what cells are responsible for the acute inflammatory response in the early phase of Type 1 Hypersensitivity? a. Pre-formed Mast Cells b. T cells (Like TH17) c. Neutrophils & Macrophages

a. Pre-formed Mast Cells

what cells are responsible for the second wave late phase reaction in a Type 1 hypersensitivity 6-12hrs post expsure? (Characterized by redness, edema, pruritus) a. Pre-formed Mast Cells b. T cells (Like TH17) c. Neutrophils & Macrophages

b. T cells (Like TH17) c. Neutrophils & Macrophages

exaggerated TH2 response & exaggerated IgE production are characteristic of which hypersensitivity?

Type I hypersensitivity