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Imunology > Lectures 20 and 21 - Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lectures 20 and 21 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

these 5 things can result from an excessive amount of antibodies

A

-autoimmunity
-allergies
-cancer
-lymphoid tumors
-increased infections

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2
Q

tolerance is primarily directed against _______-_________ from normal tissues

A

self-antigens

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3
Q

__________ ____________ is the unresponsiveness of immune system to antigens

A

immunological tolerance

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4
Q

immature lymphocytes become tolerant to an antigen if they encounter it…

A

early in fetal life

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5
Q

the unresponsiveness of the immune system to antigens; primarily directed against self-antigens from normal tissues

A

tolerance

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6
Q

immature lymphocytes become tolerant to an antigen if they encounter it:

a) early in fetal life
b) as an adult

A

a) early in fetal life

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7
Q

reciprocal skin grafts taking in dizygotic twins with a fused placenta is an example of ___________ due to encountering the (skin) antigens early in fetal life

A

tolerance

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8
Q

apoptosis/clonal deletion during development into a mature T cell, occurring within the thymus early in life

a) Central Tolerance
b) Peripheral Tolerance

A

a) Central Tolerance

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9
Q

anergy, apoptosis, or T cell regulation due to low doses of antigen or lack of co-stimulation

a) Central Tolerance
b) Peripheral Tolerance

A

b) Peripheral Tolerance

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10
Q

anergy is part of [central/peripheral] tolerance

A

central tolerance

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11
Q

Treg cells can result from the process of

a) Central Tolerance
b) Peripheral Tolerance

A

a) Central Tolerance

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12
Q

mechanism of self-tolerance in B cells & T cells; state of inability to be activated by antigen; occurs when antigen is met without co-stimulation

A

anergy

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13
Q

strong recognition of self-antigens by immature T cells in the thymus may lead to…….

A

negative selection or deletion, or the development of regulatory T cells that enter peripheral tissues

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14
Q

the presence or absence of ___________ is a major factor determining whether T cells are activated or tolerized

A

co-stimulation

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15
Q

absence of co-stimulatory molecules on APCs result in T-cell ___________

A

anergy

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16
Q

___________ in T cells refers to long-lived functional inactivation that occurs when these cells recognize antigens without adequate levels of co-stimulators that are needed for full T cell activation

A

antigens

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17
Q

t/f: anergy is destined for even responsive lymphocytes when 48-72 hrs later the inhibitory receptors are expressed and preferentially bind CD80/86

A

true

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18
Q

Treg cells suppress and block activation using all of the following except:
[select 2]
a) IL-10
b) IL-23
c) IL-35
d) TGFB
e) TNFa

A

b) IL-23
e) TNFa

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19
Q

what results in the best antibody production:

a) Low doses of antigen
b) Moderate doses of antigen
c) High doses of antigen
d) Absence of antigen

A

b) Moderate doses of antigen

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20
Q

which utilizes primarily peripheral tolerance?

a) T cells
b) B cells
c) Both

A

b) B cells

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21
Q

which are harder to tolerize due to there being several opportunities for them to generate self-reactivity

a) B cells
b) T cells

A

a) B cells

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22
Q

B cells are regulated peripherally by all of the following except:

a) Apoptosis
b) Clonal anergy
c) Clonal exhaustion
d) Blockage of BCRs
e) Presence of T cell help

A

e) Presence of T cell help

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23
Q

transcriptional factor associated with Treg cells

24
Q

t/f: Treg cells can activate B cells and NK cells

A

false - they inhibit

25
t/f: Treg cells activate other T-cell responses
false - they inhibit
26
these cells play an important role in regulating the immune system and maintaining the balance between periphery and immunity
Treg Cells
27
self-reactive B cells will not make autoantibodies if: [select 2] a) APCs & Helper Ts present b) APCs & Helper Ts absent c) Treg present d) Treg absent
b) APCs & Helper Ts absent c) Treg present
28
B cells are difficult to maintain in a tolerant state, thus efforts to maintain tolerance focus on: a) High-affinity self reactive B cells b) Low-affinity self reactive B cells
a) High-affinity self reactive B cells
29
in the absence of _____ cells, multiorgan autoimmune disease results
Treg cells
30
Treg cells express ____ and ____
CD4 and CD25 (CD25 is 1 chain of IL-2 receptor)
31
all activated T cells express CD25, but only _____ cells express it when naive
Treg cells
32
____ is the specialized transcription factor for Treg cells
FOXP3
33
these types of Treg cells originate in the thymus and act by direct cell to cell contact and deliver immunosuppressive molecules through gap junctions
natural Treg cells (Treg)
34
these types of Treg cells are produced in secondary lymphoid organs, especially the intestine and act by using immunosuppressive molecules
induced Treg cells (Treg)
35
IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-B are what type of cytokines?
immunosuppressives
36
this cell suppresses T cells and macrophage function
Treg cells
37
CTLA4 (CD152) binds to _______ leads to an apoptosis-inducing molecule
TRAIL
38
what is Galectin 1?
cell cycle inhibitor
39
IL-10 suppresses [Treg cells/macrophages] and enhances [Treg/macrophages]
suppresses macrophages enhances Treg
40
IL-17 [promotes/suppresses] inflammation
promotes
41
how do very high doses of antigen cause tolerance? a) induce clonal exhaustion b) induce clonal anergy via immune paralysis
a) induce clonal exhaustion
42
B cells subjected to repeated antigenic stimulation may differentiate into short-lived plasma cells; once they are all plasma cells there are no memory B cells left and therefore tolerance is achieved...this is called:
clonal exhaustion
43
antibodies tend to regulate antibody production through ____________ ______________ mechanisms *this explains maternal immunity preventing successful vaccination of neonates
negative feedback
44
which are paired correctly: [select all that apply] a) nTregs = tTregs b) iTregs = pTregs c) nTregs = pTregs d) iTregs = tTregs
a) nTregs = tTregs b) iTregs = pTregs
45
in addition to using gap junctions to deliver granzymes and perforin, and using membrane cytokines, nTregs/tTregs also use _____________ reverse signaling through CD80 to suppress
CTLA-4 (aka CD152)
46
iTregs/pTregs act using: a) Direct Contact: (TGFβ, perforins, granzymes, TRAIL) b) Immunosuppressive molecules (TGFβ, IL10, IL35, PE2)
b) Immunosuppressive molecules (TGFβ, IL10, IL35, PE2)
47
what substance comes form gut microbiota metabolism and (with Il2/TGFβ) can make iTregs?
retinoic acid
48
what effect does Treg cells have on macrophages? a) Inhibit macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via IL-10 b) Inhibit macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via TGFβ c) Stimulate macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via both IL-10 and TGFβ d) Inhibit macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via both IL-10 and TGFβ
d) Inhibit macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via both IL-10 and TGFβ
49
suppresses macrophages, TH1 cells, TH2 cells, DCs, NK cells, and TH17 production while enhancing Treg a) IL-10 b) IL-35 c) TGFβ
a) IL-10
50
regulates T cell activation, B cell function, and macrophages // reduces cell proliferation and differentiation in general a) IL-10 b) IL-35 c) TGFβ
c) TGFβ
51
what are the 3 effects of TH17 releasing IL-17?
1) Induce G-CSF & GM-CSF to create more neutrophils and macrophages 2) Stimulate epithelium to release IL-6 3) Stimulate TH cells and Macrophages to release chemokines that mobilize neutrophils and promote inflammation
52
why does immune privilege exist?
collateral damage accompanying typical immune responses would irreplaceably damage these highly sensitive tissues
53
phenomenon in which an adaptive response that has the potential to cause direct or indirect tissue damage is converted to a less harmful response
immune deviation ex: eyes are very sensitive to TH1 response so they direct a TH2 response
54
what is central tolerance?
when self-reactive T cells are killed
55
this is the back up to central tolerance where T cells are "turned off" by inappropriate signaling
peripheral tolerance
56
which are harder to tolerize? a) B cells b) T cells
a) B cells

Imunology (10 decks)

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