Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Imunology > Lecture 27 (Transplantation and Transfusion) > Flashcards

Lecture 27 (Transplantation and Transfusion) Flashcards

1
Q

What is transplantation?

A

process of taking cells, tissues, or organs, called a graft, from one individual and placing them into a different individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

donor vs. recipient for transplants

A

donor: provides the graft (tissue, cells, etc.)
recipient: receives the graft (tissue, cells, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

from one individual to the same individual

a) autologous transplant
b) syngeneic transplant
c) allogeneic transplant
d) xenogeneic transplant

A

a) autologous transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

between two genetically identical individuals

a) autologous transplant
b) syngeneic transplant
c) allogeneic transplant
d) xenogeneic transplant

A

b) syngeneic transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

between genetically different individuals of the same species

a) autologous transplant
b) syngeneic transplant
c) allogeneic transplant
d) xenogeneic transplant

A

c) allogeneic transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

between individuals of different species

a) autologous transplant
b) syngeneic transplant
c) allogeneic transplant
d) xenogeneic transplant

A

d) xenogeneic transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is MHC an important antigen in transplants

A

-highly polymorphic; unlikely to be similar between individuals

-polymorphic variants; can be recognized as foreign antigens when shared between individuals

-they are proteins themselves; highly antigenic

-potent stimulators of immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

transplant reactions are divided into what three different types of reactions?

A

-hyperacute reactions
-acute reactions
-chronic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

occur within minutes

a) hyperacute reaction
b) acute reaction
c) chronic reaction

A

a) hyperacute reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

due to the presence of preformed antibodies within the recipient

a) hyperacute reaction
b) acute reaction
c) chronic reaction

A

a) hyperacute reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

directed against graft vasculature

a) hyperacute reaction
b) acute reaction
c) chronic reaction

A

a) hyperacute reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are hyperacute rejections/reactions avoided?

A

crossmatch procedure; blood typing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

occur within days to weeks

a) hyperacute reaction
b) acute reaction
c) chronic reaction

A

b) acute reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mediated by T-cells and antibodies specific for alloantigens

a) hyperacute reaction
b) acute reaction
c) chronic reaction

A

b) acute reaction
c) chronic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most important alloantigen?

A

MHC II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

occur over months to years

a) hyperacute reaction
b) acute reaction
c) chronic reaction

A

c) chronic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

directly kill graft cells

a) CD8+ CTLs
b) CD4+ cells

A

a) CD8+ CTLs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

secrete cytokines and induce inflammation

a) CD8+ CTLs
b) CD4+ cells

A

b) CD4+ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

t/f: RBC’s do not have MHC

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

RBC’s do not have MHC but rather have a variety of _____________ membrane proteins

A

glycosylated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

t/f: animals may make antibodies to foreign blood group antigens even though they have never had a transfusion

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what two species have natural antibodies to blood?

A

cats and humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are human blood types?

A

A, B, AB, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are feline blood types?

A

A, B, AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
87% of domestic cats are blood type ____
A
26
N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid a) type A blood b) type B blood
a) type A blood
27
N-acetyl-neuraminic acid a) type A blood b) type B blood
b) type B blood
28
t/f: there is no null-type to feline blood groups
true
29
75-90% of cats are A+; about 1/3 of type A cats have low level antibody against type ___
B
30
type B cats hav a high level of antibody against type _____
A *crossmatching is critical
31
t/f: type AB cats do not develop anti-A or anti-B
true
32
what happens to cats with type B blood that receive type A blood?
normally immediate anaphylactic reaction
33
what happens to cats with type A blood that receive type B blood?
-first time may be minor reaction -second time anaphylactic reaction
34
t/f: feline blood typing kits only determine major blood type
true
35
how many blood group antigens do dogs have?
13
36
how are dog blood types designated?
DEA 1.1, 1.2, 3-8
37
t/f: only DEA 1 is of clinical significance in dogs
true
38
which allele is the most antigenic in dogs?
DEA 1.1+
39
what percentage of dogs are DEA 1.1+?
~32-67%
40
if you have a DEA 1- dog who has had a prior transfusion with + blood, the dog becomes _____________
sensitized
41
sensitization of - dam if bred to + male, may lead to ________ disease of newborns
hemolytic
42
DEA ___ and ___ appear on ~98% of canine RBCs
4 and 6
43
t/f: dogs generally have iso-antibodies to incompatible blood groups
false - do not have iso-antibodies until an initial exposure
44
antibodies against incompatible blood can form in ___ to ___ days
5 to 7
45
t/f: the half-life of compatible blood will be shorter than incompatible blood
false - the half-life of incompatible blood will be shorter than comparable blood
46
what is the universal donor for canine blood typing?
DEA 1.1- is the best but also 1.2- and 7-
47
horses have at least ___ blood groups
7
48
what are equine blood types?
A, C, D, K, P, Q, U
49
_____ and ______ are the most antigenic blood type variants in equine
Aa and Qa
50
t/f: horses do not have preformed antibodies
true
51
_________ ____________ is the most clinically relevant issue associated with equine blood types
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
52
Reasons for a blood transfusion
-anemia -blood loss -hemolysis -massive hemorrhage -etc.
53
what does cross-matching blood types detect?
detects the presence of serum antibody to RBC antigens
54
donor serum is mixed with recipient RBC a) minor reaction b) major reaction
a) minor reaction
55
donor RBC is mixed with recipient serum a) minor reaction b) major reaction
b) major reaction
56
for crossmatching when you do a major reaction (donor RBC is mixed with recipient serum), what would denote a positive cross reaction?
precipitation in the tubes
57
what are the 4 reasons MHC proteins are such important antigens in transplants?
1. Highly variable - unlikely to be similar in host & donor 2. Recognizable as foreign by immune system 3. Highly antigenic proteins (like most protein) 4. Expressed in high numbers on cell surfaces
58
which reactions to a transplant are targeted by current immunosuppressive therapies?
acute *hyperacute reaction is avoided by cross matching blood type // chronic reaction is not subject to the therapy
59
what is the important antigen for transfusions?
erythrocyte proteins (Glycosylated membrane proteins // "blood types" antigens)
60
besides being born with them or being sensitized by a prior mismatched blood transfusion, why else might an animal have antibodies to a given blood type?
-Molecular mimicry (pathogen epitopes similar to their given blood antigens) -Pregnancy related (HDN mechanism)
61
what happens if you give a mismatched blood transfusion to a Type A cat?
-first time: may only have a minor reaction (only 1/3 of A cats have anti-B immunoglobulins), or could be the unlucky third -second time: immediate anaphylactic reaction; lysis, hypotension, and shock
62
what happens if you give a mismatched blood transfusion to a Type B cat?
first time you will have the immediate anaphylactic reaction because 100% of Type B cats are born with anti-A-immunoglobulins
63
what is the most antigenic allele in regards to canine blood type?
DEA 1.1+
64
what is the clinically significant locus in canine blood type genes?
DEA1 locus
65
approximately what percent of dogs will be DEA1.1+
33-67%
66
if a DEA1- dog receives a first transfusion, but the blood is mismatched what will happen?
the dog will become sensitized for future transfusion and using non-matched blood will no longer be a plausible option clinically *relatively safe once since no preformed antibodies but worried about molecular mimicry or HDN issues
67
the two most antigenic erythrocyte antigens for equine blood types are:
Aa and Qa
68
in a Major Cross-Match you use the Recipients __________________ & the donor's _______________. Mix them, incubate them, and check for precipitation if reactive
Recipient's Serum; Donor's RBCs
69
dogs have blood volumes of ______% of their body weight
7-9% *~70-90 ml/kg blood volume
70
cats have blood volumes of _____% of their body weight
6-7% *~60-70 ml/kg blood volume
71
how do you calculate RBC volume?
blood volume x patient's PCV%
72
what needs to be monitored on a patient during transfusion?
-rectal temp -pulse rate -capillary refill time -demeanor -hives
73
preformed antibodies can lead to ______________ reactions
hyperacute
74
donor white blood cells and foreign proteins (cytokines) can lead to __________ reactions
acute

Imunology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions