Lecture 3

Question 1

Neurons communicate by transmitting chemicals where?

Answer 1

Junctions called Synapses

Question 2

What cells deliver the message?

Answer 2

Presynaptic Neuron

Question 3

What cell receives the message?

Answer 3

Postsynaptic Neuron

Question 4

What are chemicals that travel across the synapse and allow communication between neurons

Answer 4

Neurotransmitters

Question 5

The neuron synthesizes chemicals that serve as what?

Answer 5

Neurotransmitters

Question 6

After neurons are synthesized the action potential travels where?

Answer 6

Down the axon

Question 7

After action potentials travel down the axon, it releases what?

Answer 7

Molecules to diffuse across the cleft, attach to receptors and alter activity of postsynaptic neuron

Question 8

After molecules diffuse across the cleft, the neurotransmitter does what?

Answer 8

Seperate from the receptors of postsynaptic neurons

Question 9

After the neurotransmitters seperate they will be taken where?

Answer 9

Back into presynaptic neuron for recycling or diffuse away.

Question 10

Some postsynaptic cells send reverse messages for what?

Answer 10

To slow the release of further neurotransmitters by presynaptic cells.

Question 11

What are some types of neurotransmitters?

Answer 11

Glutamate
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Epinephrine
ETC.

Question 12

Neurons synthesize neurotransmitters and other chemicals from substances provided by what?

Answer 12

Diet

Question 13

What is a precursor for serotonin?

Answer 13

Tryptophan

Question 14

What contains a catechol group and an amine group?

Answer 14

Catecholamines

Question 15

What are tiny spherical packets located in presynaptic terminal where neurotransmitters are held for release?

Answer 15

Vesicles

Question 16

What breaks down excess levels of some neurotransmitters?

Answer 16

MAO (Monoamine Oxidase)

Question 17

What are bursts of release of neurotransmitter from the presynpatic terminal into the synaptic cleft?

Answer 17

Exocytosis

Question 18

Exocytosis is triggered by what?

Answer 18

Action Potential

Question 19

Transmission by neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft takes how long?

Answer 19

Fewer than 0.01ms

Question 20

Most individual neurons release at least what?

Answer 20

Two or more different neurotranmitters

Question 21

Nerons may also respond to what/

Answer 21

More types of neurotransmitters than they release

Question 22

The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on what?

Answer 22

Receptor on postsynaptic cell

Question 23

What’s controlled by a neurotransmitter?

Answer 23

Transmitter-gated or Ligand-gated channels

Question 24

What occurs when a neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately open ion channels

Answer 24

Ionotropic Effects

Question 25

Ionotropic effects occur how?

Answer 25

Very quickly and are short lasting

Question 26

Ionotropic effects rely on what?

Answer 26

Glutamate or GABA

Question 27

What affects much of the cell, opens or closes ion channels, changes protein production or activates chromosomes in the cell

Answer 27

Second Messenger Systems

Question 28

Neurotransmitters released into synapse don't remain and are subject to what?

Answer 28

Inactivation or reuptake

Question 29

During reuptake of neurotransmitter, the presynpatic neuron takes up what?

Answer 29

Most of neurotranmitter molecules intact and reuses them.

Question 30

What are special membrane proteins that facilitate reuptake?

Answer 30

Transporters

Question 31

What is taken back up into presynaptic terminal?

Answer 31

Serotonin

Question 32

What is broken down by acetylcholinesterase into acetate and choline?

Answer 32

Acetylcholine

Question 33

Excess dopamine is converted into what?

Answer 33

Inactive chemicals

Question 34

In what two ways is negative feedback in the brain accomplished?

Answer 34

Autoreceptors | Postsynaptic Neurons

Question 35

What are the receptors that detect the amount of transmitter released and inhibit further synthesis and release?

Answer 35

Autoreceptors

Question 36

What responds to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal where they inhibit further release?

Answer 36

Postsynaptic neurons

Question 37

Electrical synapses are faster than what?

Answer 37

Chemical transmissions

Question 38

What is the direct contact of the membrane of one neuron with the membrane of another?

Answer 38

Gap Junction

Question 39

What occurs in both cells, resulting in the two neurons acting as if they were one?

Answer 39

Depolarization

Question 40

What causes graded depolarization in post synaptic cell?

Answer 40

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Question 41

What causes graded HYPERpolarization in postsynaptic cell?

Answer 41

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Question 42

What is the probability of action potential in a given neuron depending on the ratio of EPSP's to IPSP's at a given moment?

Answer 42

Summation

Question 43

What is it called when signals from different locations arrive simultaneously?

Answer 43

Spatial Summation

Question 44

What is it called when signals arrive in close time/

Answer 44

Temporal Summation

Question 45

What increases the number of AP above the spontaneous firing rate?

Answer 45

EPSP's