Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Foundations > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons communicate by transmitting chemicals where?

A

Junctions called Synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What cells deliver the message?

A

Presynaptic Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cell receives the message?

A

Postsynaptic Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are chemicals that travel across the synapse and allow communication between neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The neuron synthesizes chemicals that serve as what?

A

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

After neurons are synthesized the action potential travels where?

A

Down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

After action potentials travel down the axon, it releases what?

A

Molecules to diffuse across the cleft, attach to receptors and alter activity of postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

After molecules diffuse across the cleft, the neurotransmitter does what?

A

Seperate from the receptors of postsynaptic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After the neurotransmitters seperate they will be taken where?

A

Back into presynaptic neuron for recycling or diffuse away.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Some postsynaptic cells send reverse messages for what?

A

To slow the release of further neurotransmitters by presynaptic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some types of neurotransmitters?

A 
Glutamate
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Epinephrine
ETC.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neurons synthesize neurotransmitters and other chemicals from substances provided by what?

A

Diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a precursor for serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What contains a catechol group and an amine group?

A

Catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are tiny spherical packets located in presynaptic terminal where neurotransmitters are held for release?

A

Vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What breaks down excess levels of some neurotransmitters?

A

MAO (Monoamine Oxidase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are bursts of release of neurotransmitter from the presynpatic terminal into the synaptic cleft?

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Exocytosis is triggered by what?

A

Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transmission by neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft takes how long?

A

Fewer than 0.01ms

20
Q

Most individual neurons release at least what?

A

Two or more different neurotranmitters

21
Q

Nerons may also respond to what/

A

More types of neurotransmitters than they release

22
Q

The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on what?

A

Receptor on postsynaptic cell

23
Q

What’s controlled by a neurotransmitter?

A

Transmitter-gated or Ligand-gated channels

24
Q

What occurs when a neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately open ion channels

A

Ionotropic Effects

25
Q

Ionotropic effects occur how?

A

Very quickly and are short lasting

26
Q

Ionotropic effects rely on what?

A

Glutamate or GABA

27
Q

What affects much of the cell, opens or closes ion channels, changes protein production or activates chromosomes in the cell

A

Second Messenger Systems

28
Q

Neurotransmitters released into synapse don’t remain and are subject to what?

A

Inactivation or reuptake

29
Q

During reuptake of neurotransmitter, the presynpatic neuron takes up what?

A

Most of neurotranmitter molecules intact and reuses them.

30
Q

What are special membrane proteins that facilitate reuptake?

A

Transporters

31
Q

What is taken back up into presynaptic terminal?

A

Serotonin

32
Q

What is broken down by acetylcholinesterase into acetate and choline?

A

Acetylcholine

33
Q

Excess dopamine is converted into what?

A

Inactive chemicals

34
Q

In what two ways is negative feedback in the brain accomplished?

A

Autoreceptors

Postsynaptic Neurons

35
Q

What are the receptors that detect the amount of transmitter released and inhibit further synthesis and release?

A

Autoreceptors

36
Q

What responds to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal where they inhibit further release?

A

Postsynaptic neurons

37
Q

Electrical synapses are faster than what?

A

Chemical transmissions

38
Q

What is the direct contact of the membrane of one neuron with the membrane of another?

A

Gap Junction

39
Q

What occurs in both cells, resulting in the two neurons acting as if they were one?

A

Depolarization

40
Q

What causes graded depolarization in post synaptic cell?

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

41
Q

What causes graded HYPERpolarization in postsynaptic cell?

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

42
Q

What is the probability of action potential in a given neuron depending on the ratio of EPSP’s to IPSP’s at a given moment?

A

Summation

43
Q

What is it called when signals from different locations arrive simultaneously?

A

Spatial Summation

44
Q

What is it called when signals arrive in close time/

A

Temporal Summation

45
Q

What increases the number of AP above the spontaneous firing rate?

A

EPSP’s

Biological Foundations (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions