Lecture 4a

Question 1

What are the main categories of research methods to study the brian?

Answer 1

Examine effects of brain damage
Examine effects of stimulating brain area
Record brain activity during behavior
Correlate brain anatomy with behavior

Question 2

Brain damage can produce what?

Answer 2

Inability to recognize faces
Inability to perceive motion
Changes in emotional responses

Question 3

What is an ablation?

Answer 3

Removal of brain area

Question 4

What is a lesion?

Answer 4

Damage to brain area

Question 5

What is a stereotaxic instrument?

Answer 5

Used to damage structures in interior of brain

Question 6

What is an application of intense magnetic field to a portion of scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below magnet?

Answer 6

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Question 7

TMS allows researchers to do what?

Answer 7

Study behavior with brain area active and then inactive and then active again.

Question 8

What is the effect of brain stimulation?

Answer 8

Increase behavior

Question 9

What is a technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a laser with the brain

Answer 9

Optogenetics

Question 10

What is a limitation to optogenetics?

Answer 10

Complex behaviors depend on temporal pattern of activity in many areas.

Question 11

An eeg records what?

Answer 11

Electrical activity produced by various brain regions.

Question 12

An MEG is similar to EEG but measures what?

Answer 12

Faint magnetic fields generated by brain activitity

Question 13

What is a PET recording?

Answer 13

Emission of radioactivity from injected radioactive chemicals to produce high resolution image.

Question 14

What is a fMRI?

Answer 14

Uses oxygen consumption in brain to provide moving picture

Question 15

What is a CAT scan?

Answer 15

Uses x-rays at many angles

Question 16

MRI uses what?

Answer 16

Magentic fields, radio waves and computer enhancement.

Question 17

What interacts to shape human behaivor?

Answer 17

Genes

Environment

Question 18

What is defined as a portion of a chromosome and is composed of DNA?

Answer 18

Gene

Question 19

Genes come in pairs called what?

Answer 19

Alleles aligned along chromosomes

Question 20

What type of gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition?

Answer 20

Dominant

Question 21

What type of gene shows it’s effect only in the homozygous condition?

Answer 21

Recessive

Question 22

What type of gene occus in a phenotype where there is incomplete dominance in heterozygous condition?

Answer 22

Intermediate

Question 23

How do genes change?

Answer 23

Mutation

Microduplication/Microdeletion

Question 24

What is a heritable change in DNA?

Answer 24

Mutation

Question 25

What is part of a chromosome that might appear once, twice or not at all?

Answer 25

Microduplication/Microdeletion

Question 26

Some researchers believe that what might be a result of microduplications and microdeletions of brain relevant genes?

Answer 26

Schizophrenia

Question 27

What is concerned with changes in gene expression without the modification of DNA sequence?

Answer 27

Epigenetics

Question 28

What is the explanation for differences betwen monozygotic-identical twins/

Answer 28

Epigenetic differences

Question 29

What refers to how much characteristics depend on genetic differences?

Answer 29

Heritability

Question 30

Almost all behaviors have what?

Answer 30

Genetic and environmental component

Question 31

Do genes directly produce behaviors?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

Genes produce proteins that do what?

Answer 32

Increaase probability that behaivor will develop under certain circumstances

Question 33

What refers to a change in frequency of various genes in a population over generations?

Answer 33

Evolution of behavior

Question 34

What does evolution attempt to answer?

Answer 34

How did some species evolve? | How do species evolve?

Question 35

Brain development depends on what

Answer 35

Maturation | Learning

Question 36

We can refine the understanding of brain development by learning how what?

Answer 36

Neurons develop Axons connect Experience modifies development

Question 37

The human CNS begins to form what?

Answer 37

Embryo is 2 weeks old

Question 38

The CNS forms by what?

Answer 38

Dorsal surface thickening, forming a neural tube that surrounds fluid filled cavity.

Question 39

The forward end of neural tube enlarges and differentiates into what?

Answer 39

Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

Question 40

The rest of the neural tube becomes what?

Answer 40

Spinal Cord

Question 41

What is the production of new cells/neurons in the brain primarily occuring early in life?

Answer 41

Proliferation

Question 42

What is movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations?

Answer 42

Migration

Question 43

What is the term for forming the axon and dendrites that givese neuron it's distinctive shape?

Answer 43

Differentiation

Question 44

What is the term for glia that produce the fatty sheath that covers the axons of some neurons?

Answer 44

Myelination

Question 45

What is the formation of the synapses between neurons?

Answer 45

Synaptogenesis

Question 46

Growing axons reach their target areas by following what?

Answer 46

Gradient of chemicals they are attracted or repelled by

Question 47

When axons initally reach their targets they form what?

Answer 47

Synapses with several cells

Question 48

What strengthens or eliminates connections with some cells?

Answer 48

Postsynaptic cells

Question 49

The formation or elimination of connections depend on what?

Answer 49

Pattern of input from incoming axons

Question 50

What is it when the most successful axon connections and combinations survive while others fail to sustain active synapses?

Answer 50

Neural Darwinsim

Question 51

What are the chemicals that promote survival and activity of neurons?

Answer 51

Neurotrophins

Question 52

Early stages of brain development are critical for what?

Answer 52

Normal development later in life

Question 53

During early development the brain is highly vulnerable to what?

Answer 53

malnutrition toxic chemicals infections

Question 54

The brain has some ability to do what?

Answer 54

Reorganize itself in response to experience

Question 55

Axons and dendrites continue to modify their structure and connections when?

Answer 55

Throughout life

Question 56

Dendrites continually grow what

Answer 56

New spines

Question 57

Almost all survivors of brain damage show what?

Answer 57

Behavioral recovery to some degree

Question 58

Some recovery after brain damage relies on what?

Answer 58

Growth of new branches of axons and dendrites

Question 59

What is the most common type of stroke that results from a blood clot or obstruction of an artery?

Answer 59

Ischemia

Question 60

What is a less frequent type of stroke resulting from a rupturned artery?

Answer 60

Hemorrhage

Question 61

What is the immediate treatment for strokes?

Answer 61

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Question 62

tPA does what?

Answer 62

Breaks up blood clots and can reduce the effects of ischemic strokes

Question 63

What are the later mechanisms of recovery?

Answer 63

``` Increased brain stimulation Regrowth of axons Axon sprouting Denervation hypersensitivity Reorganized sensory representations and phantom limb Learned adjustments in behavior ```