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PSYC 302 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathway: pain relevant loci (pain below the neck)

A

-skin/muscle/joint/viscera(“periphery”)
-dorsal root ganglion aka the DRG
-dorsal horn of the spinal cord
-brain

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2
Q

what is the ascending pathaway aka the pain matrix like the pathway

A

-thalamus
-somatosensory cortex
-limbic cortex
-prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

what is the descending pathways that is not motor

A

-hypothalamus
-midbrain
-brainstem
-spinal cord

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4
Q

why do we have a descending pathways

A

because the brain wants to have control on which info it gets

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5
Q

true or false: sensory information goes ventrally and motor information goes dorsally

A

false
sensory info goes dorsally and motor info goes ventrally

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6
Q

meissner corpuscule

A

touch

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7
Q

merkel discs

A

touch

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8
Q

pacinian

A

vibration

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9
Q

ruffini

A

stretch

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10
Q

what is a nocireceptor

A

specialized neuron where pain starts

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11
Q

true or false: nociceptors are multipolar

A

false:
they are unipolar basically one long axons with dendrites on both extremities with the cell body on the side

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12
Q

what doies afferent mean

A

goes up from periphery to cns

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13
Q

what does efferent mean

A

from cns to periphery aka controls muscles

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14
Q

wht do a fibers conduct faster than C fibers

A

-because they are bigger
-myealated

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15
Q

Aa axon type

A

-function: proprioception aka muscle control
-diameter 12-20 um
-speed: 80-120 m/s

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16
Q

Ab axon type

A

-function: touch, vibration
-diameter 6-12 um
-speed: 35-75 m/s

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17
Q

Agamma axn type

A

-function: thermal and pain
-diameter 1-5 um
-speed: 5-35 m/s

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18
Q

C axon type

A

-function: pain and sweating
non-myalated
-diameter 0.2-1.5 um
-speed: 0.5-2.0 m/s

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19
Q

why sometimes we feel a first pain and a second pain

A

because the agamma axons are faster than the C fibers

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20
Q

true or false: nerve bundles need blood supply to curvive

A

true

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21
Q

true or false: the efferent fibers that are coming out of T2 are controlling the muscles in T 2

A

trueeeeeee

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22
Q

what does rostral mean

A

front of headf

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23
Q

what does caudal mean

A

tail of head

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24
Q

on the head what is dorsal

A

the top

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25
Q

on the head what does ventral mean

A

the bottom

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26
Q

what does medial mean

A

towards midline

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27
Q

hat does lateral mean

A

to one side

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28
Q

what does ipsilateral mean

A

on the side of

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29
Q

what does contralateral mean

A

on the opposite side of

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30
Q

what isd in the ventral root

A

-efferent fibers and motor neurons

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31
Q

what is in the spinal nerve

A

both afferent and efferent fibers

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32
Q

what is in the dorsal root ganglion

A

a collection of neurons that is outside the cns

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33
Q

what is in the dorsal root

A

afferent fibers

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34
Q

what does the ventral part vs dorsal look like on the spinal cord

A

ventral is the thicc part and dorsal is the skinny part

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35
Q

true or false: neurons in different layers have different shapes and sizes

A

true

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36
Q

true or false C fibers are found in the nerves of the somatic sensory system

A

true

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37
Q

true or false information from pain will ascend contralaterally

A

true

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38
Q

what is the pathway from pain fibers in skin and deep tissues

A

-pain fibers
-primary afferent neuron
-dorsal root ganglion
-second order neuron
-to brain and brain stem

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39
Q

what are the 2 types of C fibers and what do thet do

A

-peptidergic aka CGRP+they all terminate in lamina 1 of the dorsal horn
-IB4+: they terminate in the inner lamina II

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40
Q

Modern molecular def of sensory neurons

A
  • defined by single-cell RNA-sequencing (i.e., gene expression) of DRG cells
    followed by principal components analysis (i.e., clustering)
    NF= neurofilament heavy chain (Nefh)-expressing
    NP = non-peptidergic
    PEP = peptidergic
    TH = tyrosine hydrolase-expressing
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41
Q

true or false: neurogenic inflammation can happen in afferent and eferent fibers

A

true
the C fibers that release peptides will re;ease stuff

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42
Q

hpw does neurogenic inflammation works

A

the C fibers that release peptides will re;ease stuff
-then plasmic extravation will happen so make the vessels mroe poermeable
-lead to artery dilation to release white blood cells

43
Q

true or false: if there is pain the is probs injury

A

true

44
Q

what is the goakl of spinal reflexes

A

top bypass the brain and to go through the spinal cord instead

45
Q

what happens through the spinal reflexes

A

smth happens to the skin, goes through sensory neuron, goes through the DRG into the dorsal horn, then through the ventral horn ibnto the cell body of a motor neuron, into a motor neuron into the mucles

46
Q

true or false: the higher you go into thje spinal cord, the more white matter there is

A

true

47
Q

what are the names of the 2 spots that the sensory info goes in

A

-the dorsal column and the antero lateral colum also called the ventral column
-sensory info goes up into one of these 2 places and that is where the fibers of second order are and then they go through any of the 3 tracts

48
Q

what are the names of the 3 tracts

A

-spinothalamic tract
-spinoreticular tract
-spinoparabrachial tract

49
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

-for sensiory and pain
-spinal cord
-medulla
-pons
-midbrain
-thalamud

50
Q

spinoreticular tract

A

-emotional pain
-spinal cord
-medulla
-pons
-midbrain aka the reticular formation

51
Q

spinoparabrachial

A

we dunno what it does
-spinal cord
-medula
-pons
-parabrachial aka the reticular nucleus

52
Q

what ios somatotopy

A

the p[rinciple by which the location of the info corresponds to the part of the body in whitch it came from or is going to

53
Q

somatotopy for dorsal and antero lateral column

A

-dorsal:
info from the lowest part of the body is the most medial while info from the highest part of the body is the most lateral

-antero lateral:
info from the lowest part of the body is the most lateral while info from the highest part of the body is the most medial

54
Q

trigeminal anat

A

the pain info from the neck up goes through the trigeminal ganglion, into the trigeminal spinal tract , through the thalamus into the coirtex

55
Q

true or false: the pelvic nerve goes staright through the spinal cord

A

facts

56
Q

info from most organs go thgough three nerves

A

true
-greated splanchnic nerve
-lumbar colonic nerbe
-hypogastric nerve
then into the paravertebral ganglia aka the DRG

57
Q

where does the vagus nerve go through

A

the brain directly

58
Q

what si the NTS aka the nucleus tractus solitarius important for

A

visceral sensation

59
Q

afferent fiber termination somatic vs visceral

A

-Somatic:
-where the c fiber ends in the spinal cord
c fibers from somatic tissues terminate very specifically

-Visceral: terminate much more diffused/wide

60
Q

somatic and visceral: stimuli

A

-somatic:
mechanical
thermal
inflammatiry

-Visceral
-iscaemia
distension
inflammatory

61
Q

sonmatic and visceral: localisation

A

-somatic: precise
-visceral: poor, reffered to somatic structures

62
Q

brain mapping techniques big ones:

A

-lesions
-stimulation and recirdings
-hemodynamic responses

63
Q

lesions:

A

-natural ex: disease and trauma
-induces: TMS which is reversible and surgery

64
Q

stimulations and recording:

A

-direct: electrodes and optical imaging
-indirect: eeg and MRG

65
Q

hempdynamic responses:

A

most common

pet scan
spect
fMRI

66
Q

true or false: oarts that are mroe active in the brain will have the most blood in because it needs oxigen

A

true

67
Q

why is the pain matric kinda mid

A

because all of these partys are also active in the brain for otehr things

68
Q

what is in the brain matrix

A

-cortical areas
-acc
-insula
-thalamus
-M1 and S1
-PFC

69
Q

part of the brain most active with patients that have chronic pain

A

pfc
Th
Ic

70
Q

parts of the brain in normal subjecvts most active when have pain

A

acc
ic
th

71
Q

sensory discriminative vs motivational affective: explain the SD aspects

A

-localization of pain’-quality of pain
-intensity of pain aka hypnosyus
-more in SI

72
Q

sensory discriminative vs motivational affective: explain the MAA aspects

A

-how pleasant or unpleasant of pian
-meaning of pain
-more in ACC

73
Q

sensory discriminative vs motivational affective: what did the study show

A

that we have different tracts for pain that are different

74
Q

in what can we split the pain matric in

A

-affective
-cognitive
-inferential
-descending modulation
-motivational
-somatosensory
-thalamus

75
Q

descendiug pathways the two things

A

-midbrain->periaqueductal gray to rostroventral medula
-midbrain to locus coeruleus to DRG

76
Q

what are the 2 theories for pain physiology and who proposed them

A

-specificity aka the neurons for pain will start firing after a certain noxious stimuli by Ed Perls
-the intensity theory: the neurons fire even of the stimulation id ninnocuous by Pat Wall and Ron Melzack

77
Q

explain the gate control theroy

A

-sg neuron
-L is touch
s is agamma and Cs

78
Q

which technique is used to record from primary afferent fibers

A

-microneurography
tyoe of eeg

79
Q

the 3 major dorsal horn projection neuron types

A

-wide dynamic range: a beta, a delta and C into the spinal cord
-nociceptive specific: a delta and C
-low threshold mechanosensitive: a beta

80
Q

why are low treshold mechanosensitive neurons called silent nociceptors

A

-after surgery aka inflammation or nerve damage, it causes a change and urns them into nociceptive receptors os you are feeling pain

81
Q

electrophysiological recording of anterior cingulate cells

A

they are higher in the brain wna dthey found that when you squeeze a mouse in any spot it fill fire

82
Q

what is the fancy name for pain in one place can inhi it in another

A

heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation

83
Q

true or false: people with chronic pain have more CPM

A

false: they have less

84
Q

true or false: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation stimulates deep muscles

A

false
it stimulates a and b fibvers not agamma or c
hence shows that the gate theory works

85
Q

changes after injury: injured vs uninjured fibers

A

-pain causes changes ibn the fibers that are nearby or that synse with that neuyron

86
Q

true or false: when you have an injury, all the nerves will be injured

A

nope, only a portion of them will

87
Q

what is in the sciatic nerve

A

-nerves from the foot to the back of the leg

88
Q

what is sensitization

A

type of plasticity: change in neuronal fucntion where the same input provides a bigger output

89
Q

what are the 2 types of sensitization

A

periphery and central

90
Q

skin nerve preparation is similar to whyich type of experiment

A

microneurography

91
Q

what does bradykinin cause

A

peripheral sensitization

92
Q

who showed central sensitization and how

A

-Clifford Woolf
-showed with the flexor reflex that the opposite leg of the stimulus would also fire more frequantly and longer

93
Q

how can peripheral and central sensitization be showed

A

by doing readings in 2 spots

94
Q

what does peripheral sensitization look like pre and post

A

post both the periferal neurons and the central neurons fire more

95
Q

what does central sensitization look like

A

only the central will fire more

96
Q

what is a proof that there is central sensitization exists

A

-there is temporal summation aka windup
-if you put analgesic on the local area it will block the peripheral sensitization but the neurons will still fire more
-mirror pain aka if you have pain on somewhere you will likely have pain on the other side

97
Q

what are the 2 types of hyperalgesia

A

-primary: caused by periferal sensitization
-secondary sensitization

98
Q

wghat are the 2 types of secondary hyperalgesia

A

-stroking hyperalgesia which is closer to the fl;are
-punctate hyperalgesia which is next to the stroking hyperalgesia aka it has a bigger circle

99
Q

by what is caused paresthesia ectotopic activity

A

on a low treshold neuron

100
Q

by what is cause spontaneous pain

A

ectotopic activity on na nociceptor

101
Q

by what is caused dysesthesia and spontaneous pain

A

ectotopic activity on a low treshold neuron and a sensitized central pathways

102
Q

what are the 2 types of plasticity after an injury

A

functional
-structural

103
Q

example of functional plasticity

A

-molecular aja translational modifications
-synaptic: pre/post synaptioc potentiation
-cellular: the receptive fields become bigger
-network: more meurons get activated

104
Q

examples of structural plasticity:

A

-synaptic spined:” more synaptic connections are made
-connectivity: neurons get branched or debranches
-Cell number: there are more or less cells

PSYC 302 (10 decks)

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