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lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

is
composed of two
strands winding
around each
other to form a
double helix

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2
Q

nucleotide has
three parts

A

Sugar:
Deoxyribose
Chemical building blocks of DNA
are nucleotides.
2. Phosphate
3. Base containing
Nitrogen
(A, T, C, G)

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3
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have (not Dow syndrome)

A

23

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4
Q

23 pairs of chromosomes

A

 1 of each pair comes from mom and one from dad
 Homologous chromosomes are ones
that:
 Carry the same traits
 Are the same size
 Have the same centromere location Show the same banding pattern

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5
Q

Homologous vs nonhomologous

A

Homologous is same height centrosomes at same level
nonhomologous is not same height and centrosomes different level

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6
Q

23rd chromosome

A

23rd = sex chromosome female =xx
male = XY
dad gives X or Y mom only gives X

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7
Q

Do all cells divide at the same rate?

A

Some cells are damaged quite often and need to be replaced quickly.
 Stomach lining
 Skin
 Blood
 Other cells rarely if ever divide.
 Nerve cells
 Cardiac (heart) cells

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8
Q

cell cycle

A

. DNA in the nucleus must be copied2. Each copy must be moved into a
separate new cell (daughter cells)
3. Original cell must divide in half to form
the two new daughter cells

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9
Q

Interphase

A

Dna is copied

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10
Q

mitosis

A

Dna is split equally into to daughter cells

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11
Q

cytokinesis

A

parent cell is cleaved in half

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncondensed
DNA that
normally exists
in the nucleus.

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

Condensed, more ordered DNA.
Visible under the microscope.

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14
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

copied
chromosomes that are still connected
to each other. One is needed for each daughter cell.

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15
Q

 Centromere

A

: The site of attachment for the two sister chromatids.

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16
Q

The Steps of the Cell
Cycle

A

. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Cytokinesis

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17
Q

Interphase

A

Longest phase of the cell’s life
 Cell performs its required functions,
whatever the cell’s normal job is.
 Three phases
1. G1
2. S
3. G2

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18
Q

G1 (Gap 1)

A

Cell’s organelles are duplicated Cell grows larger

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19
Q

S Phase (Synthesis)

A

 Chromosomes are replicated (copies)
 This makes a copy for each of the cells
that result from mitosis.
 Each copy of the chromosome is called a sister chromatid. (they are not visible yet)

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20
Q

G2 (Gap 2)

A

Cell prepares for division
 Proteins that are required for mitosis are produced

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21
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of somatic cells.

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22
Q

Somatic cells

A

any cells in the body
EXCEPT for sex cells

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23
Q

end of mitosis

A

two genetically
identical daughter cells are produced.

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24
Q

4 phases

A

Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, and Telophase.

25
Prophase
Longest phase of cell division
26
Chromatin (Prophase)
condenses into chromosomes which are now visible under the microscope.
27
 Microtubules (Prophase)
called the spindle, begin to grow from the centrioles
28
Nuclear membrane (Prophase)
dissolves so chromosomes can move around the cell freely.
29
Centrioles (Prophase)
anchor the spindle at the poles (opposite sides) of the ready-to-divide cell.
30
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up single file across the “equator” of the cell  Spindle is attaches to each duplicated chromosome at the centromere.  Think of MIDDLE when you think METAPHASE.
31
Anaphase
Sister chromatids are separated from each other.  Spindle shortens to “pull” chromosomes towards the poles of the cell.
32
Telophase
Nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes at each pole.  Chromosomes may begin to unwind back into chromatin.  Cell membrane begins to “pinch in” at the middle.
33
Cytokinesis
Means “cellular movement”  Cytoplasm is divided in half to form two genetically identical daughter cells.  Two new cells start back at Interphase.
34
Tumor
: Mass of cells that has no function
35
Benign
tumors that stay in one place
36
Malignant
: tumors that invade other neighboring tissues. These are cancerous.
37
Metastasis
When cancer cells break away from an original tumor and create another tumor elsewhere in the body
38
How are cancer cells different from normal cells?
. They divide when they should not 2. They invade surrounding tissues 3. They move to other locations in the body
39
small cells move around the body during cancer?
They travel via the lymphatic and the circulatory systems.
40
Circulatory System
The circulatory system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. The smallest blood vessels are capillaries.
41
Lymphatic System
 When nutrients move from the blood into the tissues, fluid is lost from the capillaries.  This extra fluid is called lymph.  The lymphatic system collects this liquid and returns it to the circulatory system.
42
Why are lymph nodes removed to diagnose and assess cancer?
Lymph nodes are small ducts that filter the lymph using white blood cells.  If abnormal cells are in the lymph, most likely they are moving around the body.
43
Why do cells need to divide?
 Heal wounds  Replace damaged cells  Growth
44
How is the cell cycle controlled?
There are checkpoints the cell must pass through before it can divide.  Proteins check to make sure conditions are right for the cell to divide
45
where are check points
The first checkpoint is between G1 and S
46
Proteins check to make sure
. The cell is large enough to divide 2. Nutrients are available 3. Growth Factors (proteins) must be present for the cell to divide.
47
Second checkpoint is at G2
This checkpoint ensures that the DNA was replicated properly.  Cell size is checked again
48
Final Checkpoint = Metaphase
 Proteins verify that all of the chromosomes are attached so that cell division can proceed properly.  IF PROTEINS DURING ANY OF THE CHECKPOINTS FIND A PROBLEM, CELL DIVISION IS STOPPED!
49
Oncogenes
are cancer causing genes that stimulate cell division even if there are no signals (growth factors) present.
50
Cancer cells do not exhibit contact inhibition
contact inhibition which normally prevents cells from growing on top of each other.
51
Biopsy
the removal of cells, tissue, or fluid to determine if they are cancerous
52
Haploid
cells (n) contain only one chromosome from each homologous pair.  Think of haploid as “half” the total number of chromosomes
53
Diploid
cells (2n) have both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes  Diploid cells have “double” the haploid number of chromosomes - the one from your mom andthe one from your dad
54
Overview of meiosis
Similar to mitosis in that it has similar phases: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.  In Meiosis, however, these phases occur twice so you have:  Meiosis I  Meiosis II
55
Helicase
is the name of the enzyme that unzips the molecule
56
DNA polymerase
is the name of the enzyme that adds free nucleotides
57
Meiosis I
Has same steps as mitosis  Prophase I  Metaphase I  Anaphase I  Telophase I
58

mcc sem 1 (5 decks)

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