Lecture 3

Question 1

what type of organ is adipose tissue

Answer 1

endocrine

Question 2

BMI

Answer 2

an indirect indicator using a person’s weight
and height to help screen for health

Question 3

undernutrition

Answer 3

10-15% below usual body weight, decrease in LH, FSH and estrogen in women, decrease in sperm viability, motality and testosterone in men

Question 4

body fat threshold for menarche

Answer 4

menarche - first menstruation, 17% threshold

Question 5

BMI lower than X results in abnormal menstural cycles

Answer 5

20

Question 6

amenorrhea

Answer 6

absence of menstruation for 3+ months

Question 7

% of body fat required to maintain normal menstrual cycling

Answer 7

22

Question 8

female athlete triad

Answer 8

disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

Question 9

female athlete triad and why it leads to amenorrhea

Answer 9

loss of body fat suppresses GnRH, leading to decreased estrogen, FSH and LH

Question 10

why female athlete triad leads to osteoporosis

Answer 10

estrogen normally inhibits osteoclasts (break down of bone) with a decreased amount loss of mineral bone mass occurs with consistent vigorous exercise

Question 11

clinical treatment for female athlete triad

Answer 11

combination of medical care, mental health care and dietary care, the first goal is to return menstruation

Question 12

RED-S

Answer 12

relative energy deficiency in sports, Awareness of adverse effects on immunity,
cardiovascular health, metabolic rate, protein synthesis,
mental health, etc. in both females and males (female athlete triad as a whole male and female)

Question 13

excess adipose tissue in women

Answer 13

leads to an-ovulation: absence of ovulation, and a delayed time to conception

Question 14

excess adipose tissue in men

Answer 14

damaged DNA of sperm, altered testosterone levels

Question 15

subcutaneous fat

Answer 15

directly under skin

Question 16

viceral fat

Answer 16

surrounds vital organs

Question 17

what happens when there is an accumulation of viceral fat

Answer 17

common consequence is insulin resistance

Question 18

normal circumstances with insulin

Answer 18

insulin signals glucose into organs

Question 19

increased visceral fat and insulin

Answer 19

disrupts insulin signaling at cells and glucose does not enter cells instead staying in the blood

Question 20

excess glucose in blood triggers

Answer 20

increase glucose production to make up for it not being in cells, increase insulin production

Question 21

females fertility potential with excess body fat

Answer 21

inversely associated, females with higher body fat have a decreased sex hormone binding globulin which results in accumulated testosterone in ovaries hindering egg release (leads to an-ovulation)

Question 22

males fertility potential with excess body fat

Answer 22

body fat is associated with fertility potential, semen: decreased in count, DNA of semen: increased DNA, hormone levels: estrogen is increased, GnRH, LH and testosterone is decreased

Question 23

food folate

Answer 23

found in spinach, legumes, lentils, avocado etc

Question 24

polyglutamate

Answer 24

requires enzymatic activity to get to absorbable form, associated with food folate

Question 25

folic acid

Answer 25

synthetic form of folate, cereals, bread, granola bars etc

Question 26

monogluatmate

Answer 26

one glutamate associated with folic acid

Question 27

folate

Answer 27

overarching term for food folate and folic acid

Question 28

spina bifida

Answer 28

folate is critical in the closure of the spinal cord, lack of folate can lead to improper closure - spina bifida

Question 29

spina bifida symptoms

Answer 29

difficulty walking, fluid in brain, learning impairment, tethered spine, uncontrolled bowel movements

Question 30

folate intake relation to NTDS

Answer 30

inversely associated

Question 31

mandatory fortification of flours by FDA led to

Answer 31

decline in NTDs

Question 32

hispanic births and folate

Answer 32

highest prevalence, lower awareness to sources of dietary folate, less likely to supplement folate, genetic factors and dietary choices