Lecture 5

Question 1

micronutrient needs during pregnancy

Answer 1

essential for growth, development and maintenance

Question 2

increased energy utilization

Answer 2

B vitamins, iron and calcium

Question 3

increased protein synthesis

Answer 3

B vitamins, iron

Question 4

bone mineralization

Answer 4

calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus

Question 5

calcium responsibilities

Answer 5

bone mineralization of fetus, constriction and relaxation of blood vessels, Nerve conduction, Muscle contractions, Hormone signaling **levels peak in 3rd trimester

Question 6

1st + 2nd trimester calcium

Answer 6

increased level of vitamin D, dietary calcium absorption, increased calcitonin, decreased parathyroid hormone

Question 7

3rd trimester

Answer 7

calcium is needed for fetus, continued increase in dietary calcium absorption, parathyroid increases to normal levels

Question 8

calcitonin

Answer 8

stimulates uptake of calcium into bone

Question 9

parathyroid hormone

Answer 9

stimulates turnover of calcium from blood to bone

Question 10

calcium deficiency

Answer 10

If calcium is low in diet, bone will release calcium to
maintain blood levels

Question 11

what is calcium needed for

Answer 11

• Constriction and relaxation of blood vessels
  (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
• Nerve impulse transmission
• Muscle contraction
• Secretion of hormones, like insulin

Question 12

calcium and lead

Answer 12

majority of lead is stored in the bones, in general low circulating calcium stimulates bone turnover, so lead could be turned over vs calcium

Question 13

calcium and lead during pregnancy

Answer 13

higher calcium is turned over in 3rd trimester, there becomes a potential release of lead into circulation, lead in circulation can also cross the placenta

Question 14

lead and fetus

Answer 14

can damage mitochondria of brain + nerve cells, associated with a lower IQ, learning disabilities, impaired growth, impaired bone development, damage to kidney

Question 15

vitamin D and pregnancy

Answer 15

increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus, stimulates uptake in bone cells providing bone growth and maintenance

Question 16

vitamin D deficiency in pregnant people

Answer 16

associated with deficit in calcium absorption and intake, results in low birth weight due to improper formation of the bones

Question 17

iron and pregnancy

Answer 17

high iron is needed to support hemoglobin structure

Question 18

iron deficiency

Answer 18

most common deficiency worldwide, in females they risk losing menstruation

Question 19

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 19

dysfunctional red blood cells due to iron deficiency, associated with a lower birth weight, and a 2-3x risk of infant developing anemia

Question 20

heme and non heme iron

Answer 20

heme: found in meat sources, non-heme: found in plant based foods

Question 21

prenatal iron recommendations

Answer 21

1st trimester: no recommended increase, 2nd-3rd trimester: 27mg a day (non veggie), 47mg a day (veggie), supports oxygen needs for pregnant person and the fetal tissues

Question 22

folate (vitamin B9) and pregnancy

Answer 22

DNA synthesis, cell division (rapid cell division in the first week of pregnancy)

Question 23

one carbon metabolism

Answer 23

biological process dependent on adequate folate for: 1. synthesis of DNA + cell division, DNA methylation (important for gene expression)

Question 24

DNA methylation

Answer 24

increased methylation on genes: decreased expression
decreased methylation on genes: increased expression

Question 25

choline

Answer 25

synthesis of neurotransmitters in embryonic and late fetal period, role in DNA methylation, structural and functional component of cells

Question 26

choline deficiency

Answer 26

associated with structural abnormalities in the brain, and during late pregnancy: hippocampus development

Question 27

DOHaD

Answer 27

developmental origins of health and disease, exposure in womb→altered methylation→altered gene expression→disease development

Question 28

Agouti gene

Answer 28

controls hair color and appetite -Normal methylation = brown hair color and normal appetite -Decreased methylation = yellow hair color and increased appetite