Lecture 3 Flashcards
Q: What was Carl Rogers’ main pushback against Freudian perspectives?
A: He emphasized self-will and free will, arguing that people are not just reacting to their environment but actively striving for positive growth.
Q: What is self-verification?
A: The tendency to seek out relationships that confirm our existing self-view or pull away from positive relationships if they contradict our self-perception.
Q: What is self-enhancement?
A: The need to view oneself positively and maintain self-fulfillment, even though logically, not everyone can be “above average.”
Q: What is reflexive consciousness?
A: The experience of being aware of oneself.
Q: What is self-esteem?
A: A person’s overall assessment of their worth, often measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
Q: Does high self-esteem mean someone is narcissistic?
A: No, high self-esteem does not necessarily indicate narcissism.
Q: What is self-presentation?
A: How we communicate information about ourselves to others, such as through clothing, social groups, or behavior.
Q: What is impression management?
A: The conscious efforts people make to influence how others perceive them.
Q: What are the six strategies of impression management?
A:
Ingratiation – Acting likable to gain approval.
Self-Promotion – Highlighting strengths to gain respect.
Exemplification – Displaying moral integrity.
Intimidation – Using threats to influence others.
Supplication – Acting weak to receive help.
Negative Acknowledgment – Admitting flaws.
Q: How does impression management change based on familiarity?
A: People enhance impressions with strangers but tend to be more modest around those who know them well.
Q: What is the Spotlight Effect?
A: The tendency to overestimate how much others notice us.
Q: What is an internal attribution?
Q: What is an external attribution?
A: Assuming behavior is due to personal traits or characteristics. A: Assuming behavior is due to situational factors.
Q: What are attributions?
A: Judgments about the causes of behavior.
Q: At what age do infants typically develop a sense of self?
A: Around 17-18 months.
Q: Why is delayed gratification important?
A: It leads to better self-regulation, allowing people to achieve greater long-term rewards.
Q: What is ego depletion?
A: The idea that self-control is a limited resource, and once exhausted, people are more likely to give in to temptations.
Q: What is self-regulation?
A: The ability to direct and control behavior, crucial for goal achievement.
Q: What is theory of mind, and how does it relate to children?
A: Young children struggle to understand that others have separate thoughts and knowledge from their own.
Q: What are the five key sources of information in person perception?
A:
Appearance
Verbal Behavior
Actions
Nonverbal Messages
Situational Cues
Q: What is the difference between snap judgments and systematic judgments?
A:
Snap judgments → Quick, automatic, often inaccurate.
Systematic judgments → Thoughtful, requiring more information.
We are bombarded with information.
Alternative ways of processing information used to avoid being overwhelmed:
Snap judgments: made quickly and based on little information and preconceived notions
Systematic judgments: require more controlled processing
May occur when forming impressions of others that can affect our happiness or welfare
Observing a person in various situations and comparing their behavior to others in similar situations
Q: What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
A: The tendency to overestimate personal factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behavior.
Q: What was the Fidel Castro Debate Study?
A: Participants judged debaters’ opinions as genuine, even when they knew the debaters were randomly assigned to pro- or anti-Castro positions.
Q: What is the self-serving bias?
A: Taking personal credit for successes but blaming situations for failures.
Q: What is the primacy effect in forming impressions?
A: First impressions carry more weight than later information.
