Lecture 3 Flashcards
(16 cards)
Difference between formal and informal communication
FORMAL
From management downwards e.g. memos/newsletters
Represented by ORGANISATION CHART with hierarchy
Flexible MATRIX STURCTURE (horizontal and vertical communication)
INFORMAL
Bypasses official bureaucratic structures
Gossip
Social groups
Post bureaucratic institutions minimise structure and formal rules and emphasise DIALOGUE between people.
Channels of communication
VERBAL WRITTEN BODILY SYMBOLIC Mehrabian 55 (body) - 38 (tone) - 7 (written)
Focus of communication
One to one - personal letter One to many - speech Many to many - message from board to marketing Many to one - email from project group
Main features of communication
Channels of communication - verbal, written etc.
Focus of communication - one to one, one to many etc.
Communication process - source, encode, message sent etc.
Medium is the message
SOCIAL PRESENCE THEORY (face-to-face high social presence)
MEDIA RICHNESS THEORY (Daft and Lengel, uncertainty, equivocality etc.)
Explain social presence theory
The degree of perceived immediacy is due to the type of communication.
Face to face - high social presence
Email - people use emoticons to convey social presence
Explain media richness theory
Richness of information depends on the media
Communication medium appropriate for different circumstances
Uncertainty
Equivocality - info is open to interpretation: email concerning complaints must be worded carefully
Daft and Lengel
FACE to FACE - RICH AND INEFFICIENT
NUMERICAL DOCUMENTS - LEAN AND EFFICIENT
What is the informated network?
Organisation and bureaucratical information create DATABASES, CODE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Banks have highly caricatured versions of individuals
Organisations imploding into computer code
Is the internet a rhizomatic free for all?
Rhizomatic - tangled mess of randomly developing connections
Examples such as illegal downloading
Control and organisation does exists
HARDWARE - Government policies, accessibility to devices
ACCESS - internet service providers, throttling
NAVIGATION - Search engines - can include/exclude, search engine optimisation
USE - sites, communities, forums
ORGANISATIONS CAN EXERT CONTROL OVER THE INTERNET
Recurrent attempts to control data and steer data flows have been made.
How are networks affecting organisations?
Technology is not a tool but becoming the medium through which organisations operate
Telecommuting
Boundaries blur between organisations
Nature of cyberspace creates rhizomatic organisations
What is perception and why it is important to OB?
What is perception and why it is important to OB?
Process by which people ORGANISE AND INTERPRET they SENSORY IMPRESSIONS to give meaning to their environment
Important because behaviour is on people’s perception of reality, not reality itself
Factors that influence perception
Factors in the perceiver: attitudes, motives, interests etc.
Factors in the situation: time, work/social setting etc.
Factors in the target: novelty, motion, sounds, background etc.
Explain attribution theory
When we observe behaviour we attempt to determine whether it was
INTERNALLY (personal control)
EXTERNALLY (outside causes)
caused.
What are the three determinants of attribution theory
Distinctiveness - Does the person act the same way in similar situations
Consensus - Do other people behave in the same way?
Consistency - How often does the person act in the same way?
What are the errors of attribution theory
Fundamental attribution error (overestimate internal) Self serving bias (attribute success to internal)
What are the main shortcuts individuals use in making judgements about others
Selective perception (more behaviour stands out more it will be perceived)
Halo effect (general impression on single characteristic)
Contrast effects (reaction influenced by people we have encountered)
Stereotyping (judging on the perception of the group they belong to)
Name the main shortcuts organisations use for making judgements about others
Interviews - early impressions become entrenched
Performance expectations - self fulfilling prophecy, people attempt to validate their perceptions of reality
Performance evaluation - jobs are evaluated on subjective terms. Subjective measures are problematic because of selection perception, halo effects etc.
