Lecture 3

Question 1

Ingroup?

Answer 1

Group who’s relation we are interested in solving

Question 2

Outgroup?

Answer 2

one or more taxa that are closely related to the in-group (but not as close as members of the in-group are to each other), and have diverged from it at an earlier )me

Question 3

What is character?

Answer 3

Type of DNA sequence, structure, behavior, etc.

Question 4

State?

Answer 4

Condition/expression of character

Question 5

Sister taxa?

Answer 5

Closely related

Question 6

Synapomorphy?

Answer 6

When a trait is different

Question 7

Symplesiomorphy?

Answer 7

When a trait is the same

Question 8

What is useful for reconstructing phylogenetic relations?

Answer 8

Synapomorphies

Question 9

Homologous?

Answer 9

Look the same and have the same evolutionary origin

Question 10

Analogous?

Answer 10

Appear the same but evolve independently

Question 11

Convergent Evolution?

Answer 11

independent evolution of similar adaptations (e.g., wings or flippers) due to similar environments

Question 12

Monophyletic?

Answer 12

Contains common ancestor with all descendants and NO unrelated taxa

Question 13

The ideal taxon?

Answer 13

Monophyletic group (clade)

Question 14

Paraphyletic?

Answer 14

Group that does not contain all descendants of a common ancestor. The excluding taxa are highly divergent.

Question 15

Polyphyletic?

Answer 15

taxa are lumped together even though they do not share recent ancestors