Lecture 3 and 4 Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
How to prevent feline URTID
A
Vaccination - MLV, killed, intranasal
2
Q
How to do disease control for household pets
A
- Vaccinatie routinely and boost beofre high risk situations
- Every three years is often enough in low risk situations
*
3
Q
How to control disease in broarding catteries
A
- Make sure all incoming cats are vaccinated
- Provide individual housing
- Provide suitable accomodation
- Minimise handling of cats
- Regiment cleaning and feeding routine to minimise cross contamination
- Washing-up gloves
- Disinfect each cage between two cats and leave the cage vaccant for 2 days
4
Q
Disease control in breeding catteries
A
- Vaccination
- Boost queens before mating or when pregnant
- Reduce stress, crowding; apply good management as per boarding catteries
- Move queens into isolation 3 weeks before fterm, so FRV shedding associated with stressful move has finished by term
- Wean kittens into isolation at 4-5 weeks of age if mother is likely to be carrers
- Vaccinate all kittens at -9 weeks or start earlier
- Strict isolation until 1 week after last vaccine dose
5
Q
A
6
Q
What is the cause of feline AIDS in cats
A
- Feline immunodeficiency virus
- Feline leukaemia virus
7
Q
What is the difference between FeLV and FIV
A
- FeLV
- Friendly contact
- Test detect Ag
- Catteries, multi-cat households
- Immunodeficiency lymphoid cancer anaemia
- FIV
- Bites
- Tests detect Abs
- Outdoor males > females
- Immunodeficiencies, neuro signs, renal disease, cancer
8
Q
Why is FIV so successful
A
Causes relatively little harm to its host and can persist in the host for years
9
Q
What are the three stages of FIV
A
- Acute stage
- Asymptomatic phase
- Terminal phase
10
Q
Describe the acute stage of FIV
A
- Fever (2-17 days)
- Neutropenis (4-9 weeks)
- Generalised lymphadenopathy (2-9 months)
11
Q
What are the terminal phases with FIV
A
- Wasting, cachexia
- Stomatitis/gingivitis
- Chronic upper respiratory infections
- Chronic enteritis
- Panleucopenia-like disease
- Chronic skin disease
- Neurological signs
- Anaemia
- Lymphoproliferative/myeloproliferative disorders
12
Q
A
13
Q
Could the ‘FIV-free’ diagnosis be wrong
A
- Anti-FIV antibodies usually appear in the infected cat’s serum 2-8 weeks post infection
- False negative may occur in animals tested too soon after initial infection. Retesting of suspected cases after 6-12 weeks is advised
- False negatices may occur in animals with overwhelming end-stage disease. Large amounts of antigen ‘mop up’ antibodies
- False positive will occur in healthy kittens born to FIV +ve mothers due to MDA
- Recheck when over 6 months of age, should be negative by then, occasionally takes longer
- Usually they seroconvert to negative by 4-6 months of age
14
Q
How to treat a cat with FIV
A
- Dental extractions
- Treat tumours with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy
- AZT has been shown in placebo-controlled trial to improve FIV-associated stomatitis. However this drug can cause anaemia so if you choose to use it monitor PCV
15
Q
How to avoid trasmission of FIV
A
FIV-infected cats should not be allowed to freely roam
16
Q
How do cats get FeLV
A
- High access to outdoors
- Nose-to-nose contact, mutual grooming and shared litter trays/water bowls facilitate transmission
- Prolonged intimate contact needed for transmission
17
Q
What does PI FeLV viraemia lead to
A
- Immunodeficiency
- Anaemia
- Lymphoma and leukaemia
- Immune-mediated disorders
- reproductive failure
- Enteritis
- Neuropathies
- Quasi-neoplasia
18
Q
How to treat FeLV
A
- Supportive care, treat secondary infections and cancer
- Nucleoside analogues
- Interferon
- Staphylococcal proteinA
- Persistent viraemia is difficult to reverse
19
Q
How to prevent FeLV infection
A
- Test and remove programmes
- Vaccines
- Subunit
- Killed
- Canarypox vectored
20
Q
What is the is the aetiology of FIP
A
- Caused by feline corona virus
- Poorly defined mutation of FCoV and/or high viral dose at a critical life stage -> FIP
- FCoV encompasses both FECoV and FIP
21
Q
What are the feline corona virus variants
A
- FECoV
- Tropism for intestinal epithelial cells
- Causes diarrhoea
- FIPV
- Tropism for macropages
- Causes death
22
Q
Can you distinguish FIPV and FECoV serologically
A
No
23
Q
What is the epidemiology of FECoV
A
- Faecal-oral transmission
- WIdespread
- FCoV seropositivity rate is high, but FIP is an uncommon cosequence of infection
- Each cat harvests its own quasispecies
24
Q
A
25
What is the pathogenesis of FIP
* FIP is an immune complex vasculitis, involving viral antigen, antiviral Abs and complement
* No anti-FCoV Abs = no disease
* Complement fixation -\> vasoactive amine release -\> increased vascular permeability -\> protein rich exudate -\> neutrophil diapedesis -\>. effusive 'wet' FIP
26
FCoV transmission
* Virus is shed mainly in faeces, occasionally also in saliva; can survive up to 7 weeks outside the cat in dry conditions
* Faecal-oral route: injestion, inhalation of virus
* Litter trays, food bowls, mutual grooming, sneezing close contact
* Vertical transmission after MAbs wane
* Faecal shedding was previously thought to last only 2 weeks PI
* We now know it lasts many months in some healthy carriers
* Seronegative cats do shed virus
* 1/3 of seropositive cats shed virus
27
What are the 4 possible outcomes
* The kitten or cats develops FIP
* The vast majority of exposed cats become infected, shed FCoV for a while, develop antibodies, stop shedding FCoV and their antibody titre returns to zero
* The cat becomes a lifelong FCoV carrier. These cats shed FCoV continually in their faeces and most remain perfectly healthy although some develop chronic diarrhoea
* Resistant cats - around 5-10% of cats appear to be completely resistant to FCoV infection, they don't shed the virus and they mount an almost undetectably low antibody response
28
What is FIP clinical findings
* Dry and wet forms
* Half of affected cats are over 2 yeats
* Lived in multi-cat environemnt
* Experienced stress with in the last few months
29
What are the Wet FIP findings
* Ascites
* Mild pyrexia
* +/- pleural effusion
* +/- abdominal mass effect
30
Dry FIP: clinical findings
* Pyrexia, weight loss, dullness, depression
* Jaundice
* Lumpy kidneys, mesenteric lymphadenopathy
* Patchy pulmonary infiltrates
* Occuar changes
* 12.5% show enurological signs
* 75% have hydrocephalus
31
How to diagnose FIP
* Histology
* Clinical pathology
* Fluid analysis
* Serum chemistry
* Histopthology
* Serology
* Many, many false positives
* A few false negatives
32
What is the treatment for FIO
Very poor response likely; can try:
* Prednisolone/dexamethasone
* +/- Cyclophospamide
* +/- Asprin
* +/- Ampicillin
* +/- Anabolic steroids
* +/- vitamins
33
FIP precention in kittens
* Prepare kittening room, put queen in there at least one week before partuition
* Practice barrier nursing
* Wean kittens into isolation early, if mother is seropositive
* Serotest kittens to ensure you've been successful
34
FIP precention in cattery
* Virus is readily inactivated by disinfectants. Reduce faecal contamination of the environment. Keep food bowls separate
* Optimise cat numbers. Reduce stress
* Serotes and group animals accordingly
* Isolate queens for parturition and practice early weaning if mother is seropositive
* Admit seronegative cats only. Vaccineate newcomers
35
Can FIP be controlled by vaccination
* No vaccine avaliable in australia, but there is a temperature sensitive intranasal mutant vaccine avaliable
* You dont want to generate a systemic antibody response against FIPV because of 'antibody-mediated enhancement of disease'
36
What are the symptoms of feline panleucopenia
* Sudden high fever, profound depression, GI signs, dehydration, death
37
How is feline panleucopenia controlled
* Vaccination and highly protective maternal immunity
38
What is the pathogenesis of feline panleucopenia
* Requires rapidly dividing cells
* Early gestation: pantropic, infertility, foetal death, resorption
* Mid to late gestation: mummification, abortion
* Late gestation/early neonate: cerebellar hypoplasia, optic nerve and retinal lesions, hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly
* Older post-natal: oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue - viraemia
39
What are the clinical findings with feline panleucopenia
* Severe illness in young unvaccinated kittens
* Peracute or acute disease is self-limiting
* Profound depression
* Fever
* Persistent vomiting, rapid dehydration
* Ropey, uncomfortable bowel loops; enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes
* +/- diarrhoea, +/- blood
* +/- signs of septic shock, DIC
40
How to diagnose panleucopenia
* Clinical signs, histoey of inadequate vaccination
* Leucopenia
* Parvoviral faeces Ag test kits
41
Treatment of Panleucopenia
* Isolation, barrier nursing, warmth
* Parenteral fluid therapy
* Anti-emetic
* Broad spectrum antibodies
42
Panlukemia: how to maintain fluid therapy
* 1kg animal requires:
* 6 ml/kg body weight per hour
* 100kg animal requires
* 1.5ml/kg ody weight per hour
43
How to prevent feline panlucopenia
* Colostral Ab hace a half life of 9.5 days; can interefer with vaccine
* Avoid MLV vaccines in pregnant queens and kittens
* 2 or more shots usually recommended; last one no earlier than 16 weeks
* Boost at 15 months. Thereafter, controversial: modern MLV FPV vaccines protect for over 3 years
