Lecture 5 and 6 Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
In canine, what do core vaccines protect against
A
- Canine distemper virus
- Canine adenovirus
- Canine parvovirus - 2 varients
- Rabies virus
2
Q
In canines, what are the non-core vaccines
A
- Canine parainfluenzia
- Canine influenzavirus
- Bordetella bronchispetica
- Leptospira serovars
- Canine enteric coronavirus
3
Q
In canines, what non-core vaccine is not recommended
A
- Canine enteric coronavirus
4
Q
In felines what are the core vaccines
A
- Feline parvo
- Feline herpies
- Feline calicivirus
- Rabies
5
Q
In felines, what are the non-core vaccines
A
- Feline leukaemia
- Chlamydia
- Bordetella bronchispetica
- Feline immunodeficiency
- Feline infectious peritonitis
- Giardia
6
Q
In felines, what non-core vaccine are not recommended
A
- Feline infectious peritonitis
- Giardia
7
Q
When is the earliest to vaccinate in shelters
A
2-6 weeks. Revaccinate every 2 weeks until 20 weeks of age
8
Q
How early can you give the bordertella vaccine
A
As early as 3 weeks
9
Q
What is canine parvoviral myocarditis
A
- Rare as most mothers are protected
- Mayve be seen if unprotected puppies
10
Q
What is the clinical signs of CPvE
A
- Can be seen in any breed, age or sex
- Disease is worst in young unvaccinated puppies 6 weeks to 6 months of age
11
Q
What are the clinical features of CPV enteritis
A
- Profound depression
- Fever (40-41 degrees)
- Vomiting with blood
- Anorexia
- Dehydration
- Diarrhoea
- Leucopenia, days 2-4
- Sepsis, DIC, death
12
Q
How to diagnose CPvE
A
- History of compatible clinical signs in young dog that has not beed adequately vaccinated
- Leucopenia on blood smear/haemogram
- Faecal ELISA for parvoviral antigen detection
13
Q
Prognosis with CPvE
A
- With agressive therpay, 90% can recover
- Pronosis better for pups that make it through 5 days
- Younger animals and profoundly leucopenic aniamls, are reported to do worse
- Imporving lymphocyte and monocyte counts are reported to be favourable prognostic signs
- All cases are worth ‘giving a go’ if the owner is willing and able
14
Q
Treatment of CPvE
A
- Fluid therapy
- Crystalloid
- Colloid
- Glucose
- K+
- Jugular catherter
15
Q
CPvE monitoring suggestions
A
- Body weight, body condition score: SID +
- Hydration status: SID to QID
- TRP: BID+
- PCV?TPP: SID to BID
- Blood glucose: SID+
- +/- WBCC: EOD to SID
- Electrolytes: SID to EOD
16
Q
What does CPvE have no real treatment from
A
- Anti-endotoxin therapies
- NSAIDs
- Human r-G-CSF
- Motility-modifying anti-diarrhoeals
- Interderon Omega seems to help
17
Q
CPvE treatment during recovery
A
- Offer water/ ice cubes/ 5% glucose by mouth once the vomiting is controlled
- Offer soft food asap, soon after a taster stays down
- Feed little and often, gradually increasing to meed calorific needs
18
Q
What is CPvE prevention
A
- Understand the ‘window of opportunity/susceptibility’ issue and therefore avoid exposing puppies to virus until one week after their final puppy vaccination at > 16 weeks of age
- Use modern high-titre, low passage live attenuated vaccine intended for puppies whenever possible
19
Q
How is parvo virus killed
A
- Within 20 minutes at room temperature by:
- House hold bleach
- 4% formaldehyde
- 1% glytaraldehyde
- Peroxygen disinfectants
- CLEAN FIRST THEN DISINFECT
20
Q
Pathogenesis of CDV
A
- Urine/ aerosol transmission; oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues; toher lymphoid organs; 10-14 days days PI invaded epithelia and CNS; demyelination, initially without inflammation
- Many infections may be subclinical or mild
21
Q
What are the clinical signs of CD
A
- Severe, generalised distemper is seen in unvaccinated animals; typically puppies 12-16 weeks
- Conjunctivitis: cough; fever; depression; anorexia; vomiting; diarrhoea
- 1-3 weeks after recovery from above, see progressive hyperaesthesia, myoclonus, chewing gum seizures
22
Q
What is seen when animals recover
A
- Enalmel hypoplasia
- Cardiomyopathy
- Pustular dermatitis
- Hyperkeratosis of foot-pads and nose
- Retinitis
- Lymphopenia +/- inclusions, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminaemia, hypocalcaemia
23
Q
How to diagnose CD
A
- Clinical suspicion: characteristic signs in a dog with a poor or uncertain vaccination history
- Antigen/antibody detection test
- Nested-PCR and RT-PCR on urine
24
Q
What are the complications of CD
A
- Old dog encephalitis
- Rhenumatoid arthritis
- Metaphyseal oesteopathy
- Concurrent infections
25
What is the prognosis of CD
* Hinges on presence or absence of neurological signs and their secerity
* Warn owners that neurological signs may develop in the futrure, even if they are absent whrn you start therapy
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27
What are the treatment options for CD
* Nursing support in a clean, warm, dry, environement
* Broad spectrum antibiotic therapy +/- nebulisation and coupage of pneumotic
* Anti-emetic i.v. fluid therapy as needed
* +/- vit A - children benefit from 2x 200000IU doeses in first 5 days of measles
* +/- Dexamethasone, anticonvulsants
28
How to prevent CD
* Modified live vaccines provide long-lasting, robust immunity: very occasionally ypu see a vaccine-induced distemper case
* Vectored vaccines are even safer, but may provide shorter DOI; not 100% sure yet
* Killed vaccine are less effective; sometimes used in wildlife species
* Measles virus vaccine designed for dogs used to given to protect very young puppies
29
How to get rid of infectious canine hepatitis
* Steam cleaning and the more powerful disinfectants
* Virus is excreted in the urine of recovered dogs for at least 6-9 months
30
What is the pathogenesis infectious canine hepatitis
* Direct cytotoxic effects of the virus on hepatocytes and endothelium in liver, kidneys, cornea
* Immune complex vasculitis, bleeding, DIC
* Immune complex damage to corneal endothelial cells, exacerbated by complement fixation and leucocyte chemotaxis
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32
What are the clinical signs of infectious canine hepatitis
* Fever
* Vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
* Tonsillar/lymph node enlargement; +/- oedema of the head and neck
* Haemorrhaging +/- abdominal effusion
* Not usually icteric
* These signs last 5-7 days Terminal CNS signs if dog doesnt survive
33
What are the clinical findings of infectious canine hepatitis
* Corneal opacity, blepharospasm, photophobia begin about day 7. Starts peripherally and later resolves from the periphery
* Occasionally get sudden, early death; loke a poisoning case
34
35
How to diagnose infectious canine hepatitis
* Compatible clinical signs in a young, unvaccinated dog
* Early leucopenia, variably raised liver enzymes
* Hyperbilirubinuria
* Abnormal coagulogram
* Developing corneal opacity
* Specific test can be done if confirmation is needed
36
How to treat infectious canine hepatitis
* Supportive. The dog has fulminant, acute hepatic failure becuase of hepatocellular necosis; treat it accordingly
* Fluid therapy
* Manage DIC
* Manage hepatic encephalopathy
* Anticipate possible complications
37
What is the prognosis of dogs with infectious canine hepatitis
* Can and do revocer completely when intensive, thoughtful management is put in place
* Some cases go onto develop progressive hepatic fibrosis, if the initial damage was too severe
* Very probably not ture that CAV-1 persistence causes 'chronic acitve hepatitis'
38
How to prevent infectious canine hepatitis
* Maternal Abs have a half life of 8.6 days
* Most pups can be successfully immunized at 5-7 weeks of age
* Modified live CAV-2 vaccines are in widespread use; they are judged safe and effective provoking long-lasting immunity
39
Describe Canine Infectious Respiratory DIsease
Acute, highly contagious, very prevalent
40
What is the aetiology of Canine Infectious Respiratory DIsease
Multiple agents involved, some major importance
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What are the clinical signs of Canine Infectious Respiratory DIsease
* Sudden-onset of a dry, hacking, paroxysmal cough
43
What is the diagnosis of Canine Infectious Respiratory DIsease
* History of exposure to risk 3-10 days earlier, compatible clinical signs, culture, PCR
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45
How to manage Canine Infectious Respiratory DIsease
* Excersise restriction for 2 weeks
* Antitussive
* +/- antibiotics
* +/- mucolytic
* +/- bronchodilator
* +/- Anti-inflammatory dose of prednisone
* +/- Nebulisation
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47
How to prevent Canine Infectious Respiratory DIsease
* Minimise exposure
* Vaccinate
* Intranasal
* Intra oral
* Parenteral
48
Why does leptospirosis persist even with a vaccine
So many different serotypes
49
Explain the pathogenesis of leptospirosis
* Zoonotic
* Urine-oral
* Penetrates mucous mb. Goes to kidney, spleen, liver, eye, CNS, genitals
* Fever, muscle pain, vomiting, dehydration, petechiation, renal failure +/- jaundice
* Recovered dogs shed in urine for months
* Cats get exposed, don't seem to get disease
50
How to diagnose leptospira
* Culture
* M.A.T.
* PCR approaches
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52
How to treat leptospira
* Treat acute renal failure
* Penicillin derivations for leptospiraemia
* Doxycycline for leptospiruria
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