Lecture 3: CV & R Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

arteries

Answer 1

carry blood away from the heart

Question 2

veins

Answer 2

carry blood to the heart

Question 3

capillaries

Answer 3

site of exchange of substances

Question 4

blood

Answer 4

contains hemoglobin

Question 5

Pathway

Answer 5

arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to medium veins to large veins

Question 6

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

Answer 6

-SA node- heart’s pacemaker, works on auto-rhythmicity, initiates impulses spread
Inernodal pathways
AV Node- continues electrical impulses at the AV bundle to the bundle branches
AV bundle-
Purkinje fibres
Right bundle branch
Left bundle branch

Question 7

Slight delay between atrial and ventricle contraction comes from

Answer 7

AV node

Question 8

SA node to

Answer 8

atrial contraction

Question 9

AV node to

Answer 9

ventricular contraction

Question 10

ECG

Answer 10

Electrocardiogram

-graphic representation of the electrical activity in the heart

Question 11

Normal Heartbeat

Answer 11

range=60 to 100bpm

Question 12

Fast Heartbeat

Answer 12

tachycardia

-over 100bpm

Question 13

Slow Heartbeat

Answer 13

bradycardia

-less than 60bpm

Question 14

Irregular heartbeat

Answer 14

Arrhythmia

-number of different causes

Question 15

P-wave

Answer 15

activation/depolarization of the atria= contraction o the atria that pushes blood into the ventricles

Question 16

QRS comples

Answer 16

ventricular contraction/depolarization

Question 17

T-wave

Answer 17

Re-polarization of the ventricles

Question 18

Difference between P-wave and QRS complex

Answer 18

• ventricular contraction is much more forceful a contraction
• QRS complex hides the re-polarization of the atria
• re-polarize atria at the same time

Question 19

BP is higher..

Answer 19

in systemic circulation

-aorta, large arteries, small arteries arterioles

Question 20

BP is lower

Answer 20

in systemic circulation
-capillaries, venules, small veins, large veins, venae cavae
in pulmonary circulation
-pulmonary arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, pulmonary veins

Question 21

Respiratory System

Answer 21

responsible for exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood

Question 22

COnducting portion

Answer 22

nose to bronchioles

Question 23

Respiratory Portion

Answer 23

actual gas exchange between bronchioles and alveoli

Question 24

Contraction and Expansion of Thoracic Cage

Answer 24

• high pressure to low pressure gradient
• must elevate rib cage
• contraction of intercostals and diaphragm

Question 25

Accessory Muscles

Answer 25

Inspiration- sternocleido mastoid, serratus anterior, pec minor, scalenes (increase chest cavity size) Expiration- transverse thoracis, obliques, rectus abdominus (compress abdominal cavity)

Question 26

Acute CV response to Resistance Training

Answer 26

^ CO, SV, HR, O2 uptake, SBP, BF to active muscles | -largely dependent on intensity and volume of exercise, muscle involvement, rest period length

Question 27

When is SBP highest?

Answer 27

Sticking point accluding blood flow -valsalva manoeuvre

Question 28

When are CO, SV, & HR highest?

Answer 28

at the end of exercise

Question 29

Reactive hyperemia

Answer 29

^ BF after exercise is finished

Question 30

Chronic CV responses to RT

Answer 30

-Resting HR, no change or decrease (sedentary more change than fit person) -Resting BP no change or decrease slightly (sedentary more change than fit person) -SV increases in absolute magnitude -Cholesterol & LDLs may not change or slightly decrease while HDL's may increase

Question 31

Chronic CV Responses to RT

Answer 31

not effective in improving VO2 max - no change in capillary density - no O2 extraction improvement - very high blood lactate concentrations - low intensity high volume training may increase capillarization and improve O2 extraction

Question 32

What type of RT may improve O2 extraction

Answer 32

``` cross fit plyos circuit training aerobic endurance training ```

Question 33

Chronic Ventilatory Response to RT

Answer 33

- unaffected or only moderately improved by anaerobic training - tidal volume increases - breathing frequency increase - improved ventilation efficiency (how much O2 we get out of each breath)

Question 34

Acute CV response to Aerobic Training

Answer 34

^CO, SV, HR, SBP, BF to active muscles, decrease DBP

Question 35

Stroke Volume

Answer 35

regulated by teh end diastolic volume and action of catechoamines (epi, norepi, dopamine, ^BP&HR, fight or flight response) -amount of blood available to pump @end of diastole

Question 36

Frank Starling Mechanism

Answer 36

force of contraction is a function of the length of the fibres of the muscle wall -more blood returning to heart=more stretching of wall=^contraction force

Question 37

What muscles are suppressed during exercise?

Answer 37

- digestive & immune system - blood flow to active muscles is increased by dilation of local arterioles, but decreased to other organ system via constriction of arterioles

Question 38

Acute Respiratory Response to Aerobic Training

Answer 38

^O2 delivery to tissues, CO2 return to lungs, minute ventilation (frequency and tidal volume) and diffusion capacities

Question 39

Breathing rate at rest

Answer 39

12-15 breaths per minute

Question 40

Breathing rate during exercise

Answer 40

35-45 breaths/min

Question 41

Chronic Responses to Aerobic Training

Answer 41

- ^max CO & VO2max - slower resting and submax HR - increased capillarization - improved ventilation efficiency - increased O2 extraction - OBLA occurring at higher percentage of aerobic capacity

Question 42

OBLA

Answer 42

Onset of blood lactate accumulation - ^ during ^duration and intensity of aerobic metabolism - more lactate being produced than what is being removed

Question 43

Altitude Acute Physiological Changes

Answer 43

-hyperventilation -increased HR -increased CO @ >1200m

Question 44

Acclimatization effects

Answer 44

- rates return to normal - ^RBC production, ^ Hb - ^ O2 diffusing capacity - ^capillarization - pH balance * acclimatization is VERY important 10-14 days

Question 45

Hyperoxic Breathing

Answer 45

breathing O2 rich gas mixtures during rest or following exercise - ^amount of O2 carried by blood - likely more helpful for individuals at higher altitudes or those with respiratory illnesses/disorders - help ^SpO2% @ sea level SpO2 is already high

Question 46

Blood Doping- how to

Answer 46

artificially increases RBC mass - infusion of own RBC - infusion of someone else's RBC - EO erythropoetin (stimulates RBC production)

Question 47

Effects of Blood doping

Answer 47

- Max O2 uptake increases | - improved altitude performance, thermoregulation (heat and cold stress) due to more O2 carrying capacity

Question 48

Risks of Blood Doping

Answer 48

``` flu like symptoms ^BP Stroke heart attack thrombosis pulmonary embolism it is also ILLEGAL ```