Lecture 3 Exam Flashcards
(345 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid in brain ventricles?
A
- buoyancy
- protection
- environment stability
2
Q
How many brain ventricles are there?
A
4
3
Q
Where are the 2 lateral ventricles located?
A
Above eyeball, one in each hemisphere
4
Q
Where is the 3rd brain ventricle located?
A
In diencephalon
5
Q
Where is the 4th brain ventricle located?
A
Between pons and cerebellum
6
Q
Where in the ventricles is CSF produced?
A
by the choroid plexus
6
Q
What is a sulcus? What are the 2 sulci in the brain?
A
Groove
1. central sulcus
2. Lateral sulcus
7
Q
What is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for?
A
Speech, writing, language, mathematics (analytic)
8
Q
What is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for?
A
Touch and spatial visualization (artistic side)
9
Q
What are gyri (gyrus)? What are the 2 gyri of the brain?
A
Bumps on the brain.
1. Precentral gyrus
2. Postcentral gyrus
10
Q
What does the central sulcus divide?
A
Divides front and back of brain
11
Q
What does the lateral sulcus divide?
A
Divides temporal and frontal lobes
12
Q
What is the longitudinal fissure?
A
Separates right and left sides of the brain
13
Q
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
A
Precentral gyrus
14
Q
Where is the precentral gyrus located?
A
Infront of the central sulcusW
15
Q
Where is the postcentral gyrus located?
A
Behind the central sulcus
16
Q
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
A
In the postcentral gyrus
17
Q
There are 5 lobes of the brain (4 names), what are they?
A
- frontal lobe
- temporal lobe (X2)
- Occipital lobe
- The insula
18
Q
The premotor cortex is located in the frontal lobe, where within this lobe is it located?
A
Directly anterior to the precentral sulcus
19
Q
What is the occipital lobe associated with?
A
Vision
20
Q
What is the temporal lobe associated with?
A
Processing hearing information
21
Q
What is the insula associated with?
A
Taste and storing taste in memory
22
Q
What is the name of the white tract that links the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
A
Commissural tracts
23
Q
What are the 2 commissures in the brain?
A
- anterior commissure
- posterior commissure
24
where is the cerebral nuclei (basal nuclei) located?
Masses of grey matter within the white matter of the cerebrum
25
26
The dysfunction of what area of the brain is associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease?
Dysfunction in the cerebral nuclei
27
What 4 things does the cerebral nuclei include?
1. Caudate nucleus
2. Amygdaloid body
3. Lentiform nucleus
4. Claustrum
28
What does the caudate nucleus of the cerebral nuclei do?
Coordinates walking
29
What does the amygdaloid body of the cerebral nuclei do?
Participates in emotional expression
30
What does the lentiform of the cerebral nuclei do?
Involved in movement and muscle tone
31
What does the claustrum of the cerebral nuclei do?
Involved in subconscious visual processing
32
What are the 3 components of the diencephalon?
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
33
What are the 2 components of the epithalamus?
1. Pineal gland
2. Habenular nuclei
34
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Secretes melatonin
35
What is the function of the habenular nuclei?
Signals from limbic system to midbrain
36
What is the function of the thalamus?
receives sensory information impulses from senses
37
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Control autonomic functions, endocrine system, body temp, emotional behaviour, food and water intake, sleep-wake rhythms
38
Where does the infundibulum attach to from the hypothalamus?
From hypothalamus to pituitary gland; where left and right sides of hypothalamus come together
39
What parts of the brain does the brainstem connect?
Forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord
40
What does the brainstem contain?
Autonomic centers required for survival
41
What are the 3 brainstem regions?
1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla oblongata
42
Where in the brainstem is the midbrain located?
Superior portion
43
What is the function of the midbrain?
Processes visual, auditory and motor information
44
The tectal plate of the midbrain has 2 components, what are they?
1. Superior colliculus
2. Inferior colliculus
45
What is the function of the superior colliculus in the midbrain?
Process visual stimuli
46
What is the function of the inferior colliculus in the midbrain?
Process auditory stimuli
47
What are the cerebral penduncles of the midbrain?
Motor tracks located on the anterolateral surface of the midbrain
48
What is the substantia nigra in the midbrain?
Neurons that produce dopamine
49
The tegmentum is located in the midbrain, what two things are located in the tegmentum?
1. Red nuclei
2. Reticular formation
50
Where in the brainstem is the pons located?
Middle, anterior portion of brainstem
51
The pons contains autonomic nuclei, what is the function of this?
Help regulate breathing (pontine center)
52
The pons houses sensory and motor cranial nerves for...?
1. Trigeminal (CN V)
2. Abducens (CN VI)
3. Facial (CN VII)
53
Where in the brainstem is the medulla oblongata located?
The inferior portion of brainstem
54
What cranial nerves is the medulla oblongata associated with?
VII, IX, X, XI, XII
55
What portions of the brainstem is the reticular formation locaed in?
all 3 regions
56
What are the motor functions of reticular formation?
Regulate muscle tone
57
What are the sensory functions of the reticular formation?
process visual, auditory, and touch stimuli
58
58
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements
59
There are 3 cerebellar peduncles, where do each of them connect to?
Superior: midbrain -> cerebellum
Middle: pons to cerebellum
Inferior: medulla oblongata to cerebellum
60
What does the limbic system affect?
Memory formation through integration of past memories
61
What are the 6 components of the limbic system?
1. Cingulate gyrus
2. Parahippocampal gyrus
3. Amygdaloid body
4. Fornix
5. Mamillary body
6. Olfactory bulb and associated nerves
62
What many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 - numbered with roman numerals
63
What are the 3 possible fibre compositions of the 12 cranial nerves?
Motor, sensory or mixed
64
What is the name of CN I?
Olfactory nerve
65
What is the name of CN ll?
Optic nerve
66
What is the name of CN lll?
Oculomotor nerve
67
What is the name of CN IV?
Trochlear nerve
68
What is the name of CN V?
Trigeminal nerve
69
What is the name of CN VI?
Abducens nerve
70
What is the name of CN VII?
Facial nerves
71
What is the name of CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
72
What is the name of CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
73
What is the name of CN X?
Vagus nerve
74
What is the name of CN XI?
Accessory or spinal accessory
75
What is the name of CN XII?
Hypoglossal nerve
76
What is the function of the olfactory nerve?
Sensory - smell
77
What is the function of the optic nerve?
Sensory - vision
78
What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?
Motor - extra-ocular and pupillae muscles
79
What is the function of the trochlear nerve?
Motor - controls extra-ocular muscles
80
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
Sensory - touch, temp, pain
Motor - Muscles of mastication
81
What is the function of the abducens nerve?
Motor - muscles of the eye
82
What is the function of the facial nerves?
Sensory - taste & skin around ear
Motor - muscles of facial expression; salivary glands
83
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Sensory - balance and hearing
84
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Sensory - taste
Motor: muscles that assist in swallowing
85
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
Sensory: sensation from tongue, throat, heart, and esophagus
Motor: throat muscles, heart and lungs, larynx, trachea, most abdominal organs
86
What is the function of the spinal accessory nerves?
Motor control the SCM, trapezius and some pharynx muscles
87
What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?
Motor, controls tongue muscles
88
What is the pathway of the olfactory nerve?
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
89
What is the pathway of the optic nerve?
Optic canal of sphenoid
90
What is the pathway of the oculomotor nerve?
superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
91
What is the origin of the oculomotor nerve?
anterior midbrain
92
What is the pathway of the trochlear nerve?
superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
93
What is the origin of the trochlear nerve?
posterior midbrain
94
What is the origin of the trigeminal nerve?
Pons
95
What is the origin of the abducens nerve?
Pons
96
What is the pathway of the abducens nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
97
What is the origin of the facial nerves?
Pons
98
What is the pathway of the facial nerves?
Internal acoustic meatus to facial canal; styloidmastoid foramen
99
What is the pathway of the vestibulococholear nerve?
Internal acoustic meatus
100
What is the origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Medulla oblongata
101
What is the pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Jugular foramen
102
What is the origin of the vagus nerve?
Medulla oblongata
102
What is the pathway of the vagus nerve?
Jugular foramen
103
What is the origin of the spinal accessory nerve?
Medulla oblongata
104
What is the pathway of the spinal accessory nerves?
jugular foramen
105
What is the origin of the hypoglossal nerve?
Medulla oblongata
106
What is the pathway of the hypoglossal nerve?
hypoglossal canal
107
What is the mnemonic device for the names of the cranial nerves?
oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, ah heaven
108
What is the pneumonic for the functions of the cranial nerves?
Some say money matter, but my brother says big brains matter most
109
What does the SNS work on?
Works on consciously perceived or controlled processes
110
What is the somatic sensory system responsible for?
Vision, hearing, touch, proprioception
111
What is the somatic motor system responsible for?
control of skeletal muscles
112
What is the function of the autonomic system?
Motor system, regulates processes below conscious level to maintain homeostasis
113
What 3 places does the autonomic nervous system send impulses to?
1. Cardiac muscles
2. Smooth muscles
3. Glands
114
What is the parasympathetic division of the ANS responsible for?
rest and digest; conserves energy and replenish nutrient stores
115
What is the sympathetic division of the ANS?
fight or flight; make nutrients available for use
116
Describe the 2 neuron pathway for motor innervation of the ANS?
1. Neuronal convergence
2. Neuronal divergence
117
What is neuronal convergence?
Numerous preganglionic axons synapse on single ganglionic cell
118
What is neuronal divergence?
Axons from one preganglionic cell synapse onto numerous ganglionic cells
119
What are myelinated fibres?
Single schwanna cell wrapped around axon segment
120
What is the function of the schwann cell?
Allows for neural transmission (salutatory conduction)
121
What are unmyelinated fibers?
single schwann cell wrapped around. multiple axons within superficial grooves
122
Can unmyelinated fibres perform neural transmission (salutatory conduction)?
No
123
In the ANS division, what are the axon lengths of the parasympathetic nerves (preganglionic and postganglionic)?
Pre: Long axons
Post: short axons
124
In the ANS division, what are the axon lengths of the sympathetic nerves (preganglionic & postganglionic)?
Pre: Short
Post: long
125
Describe the number of preganglionic axon branches (parasympathetic & sympathetic).
Parasympathetic: few branches
SYmpathetic: many branches
126
Describe the location of the ganglia in parasympathetic ganglia?
In or close to the effector
127
Describe the location of ganglia in sympathetic ganglia.
Near spinal cord
128
In the parasympathetic nervous system, where are preganglionic neurons housed?
1. Nuclei in brainstem
2. Lateral gray regions of S2-S4 spinal cord segments
129
What are the 4 cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibers?
1. CNIII
2. CNVII
3. CNIX
4. CNX
130
Where does CN III go to?
Intrinsic eye muscles, pupil, lens
131
Where does CN VII go to?
tear glands and salivary glands
132
Where does CN IX go to?
Parotid salivary glands
133
Where does the CN X go to?
To visceral organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
133
What are the 3 pelvic splanchnic nerves that exit from the sacrum?
S2, S3, S4
134
Describe the location of sympathetic ganglia?
1. on either side of vertebral column
2. Anterior to the abdominal aorta
135
Describe the number of sympathetic trunk ganglia (C, T, L, S, Co).
C = 3
T = 11-12
L = 2-5
S = 4-5
Co = 1
136
What are the only sympathetic trunk ganglia with white rami communicants?
T1-L2
137
What are the 3 exit pathways of sympathetic preganglionic fibers?
1. spinal nerve
2. sympathetic nerve
3. splanchnic nerve
138
Describe dual innervation as a feature of the ANS.
1. antagonistic effects
2. cooperative effects
139
What are the 4 exceptions to dual innervation?
1. Blood vessels (SNS only)
2. Sweat glands (SNS only)
3. Arrector pili muscles (SNS only)
4. Adrenal medulla (SNS only)
140
Describe the two basic types of vessels
Arteries: moves blood away from the heart
Veins: Transport blood back to the heart
141
What is the definition of great vessels?
Large diameter arteries or veins entering or leaving the heart
142
What are the 2 circuits of the CV system?
1. Systemic circuit
2. Pulmonary circuit
143
What are the two parts that compose the pericardium?
1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Serous pericardium
144
What is the outer portion of the pericardium called? Inner?
Fibrous pericardium; serous pericardium
145
What is the function of the pericardium?
restricts heart movement; only slightly moves within the thorax
146
Pericardial fats are deposits of fat around the heart; what are the 2 types of pericardial fats?
1. epicardial (within epicardium)
2. paracardial fat (within serous pericardium)
147
How are the boundaries of the 4 chambers of the heart indicated externally?
1. coronary groove
2. Interventricular groove
148
What are the 4 great vessels of the heart?
1. aorta
2. pulmonary trunk
3. Venae cavae
4. pulmonary veins
149
What are coronary arteries?
only branches of the ascending aorta that arise above aortic valve
150
What is the coronary sinus?
Largest venous channel; empties into the right atrium
151
What is the fibrous skeleton?
Dense irregular tissue that lies between the atria and ventricles
152
What are the 4 functions of the fibrous skeleton?
1. provide structural support
2. anchors heart valves
3. provide rigid framework
4. electrical insulator
153
What are the consequences of the spiral pattern of the heart?
1. Atria draws blood inferiorly to ventricles
2. ventricle contraction initiated at the apex to eject blood out of the ventricles
154
What are the 3 layers of the principles blood vessels of the body?
1. tunica interna
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa
155
What is the tunica interna composed of? What is its basement membrane composed of?
Simple squamous endothelium; areolar connective tissue (subendothelial)
156
Which type of vessel is the internal elastic lamina present in?
Arteries only
157
Describe the composition fo the tunica media.
Thickest layer of blood vessel, concentric sheets of smooth muscle
158
What type of blood vessel is the external elastic lamina present in?
Arteries only
159
What is the tunica externa composed of?
Collagen and elastic fibers
160
What are nerve endings?
Small blood vessels on the outer layer of the larger blood vessels
161
What is meant by companion vessels?
arteries and veins that run side by side to one another
162
Describe the lumen of veins?
Large, flat lumen
163
Describe the walls and lumen of arteries?
Thicker walls and rounded lumen
164
What is the purpose of valves in veins?
Prevent backflow
165
Which vein does not have valves?
Venae cavae
166
Why are arteries most elastic?
To accommodate BP changes
167
What are capillaries?
Smallest blood vessels
168
Capillary walls are composed of tunica intima; what is it?
Single layer of endothelial cells and basement membrane
169
Describe the width of capillaries
Slightly wider than a red blood cell
170
What is the function of capillaries?
To allow for diffusion of gases and nutrients between blood vessels and tissues
171
What is a capillary bed fed by?
Metaarteriole
172
What is a "trunk capillary"?
Branch from a metarteriole that forms bulk of the capillary bed
173
What happens when capillary sphincters constrict?
blood flow bypasses completely and flows through metarterioles
174
What is vasomotion?
Intermittent blood flow through metarterioles and precapillary sphincters
175
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
1. Continuous
2. Fenestrated
3. Sinusoids
176
Describe continuous capillaries
Endothelial cells form a complete lining aided by tight junctions
177
Describe fenestrated capillaries
endothelial cells contain pores that allows fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
178
Describe sinusoid capillaries
Large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous/absent basement membrane
179
What is the most common type of capillary?
Continuous
180
Provide an example of fenestrated capillaries
small intestine and kidney
181
Provide an example of sinusoid capillaries
bone marrow and liver
182
T/F Veins have thin tunica externa
False
183
T/F veins have a thin tunica media
True
184
What are the smallest veins?
Postcapillary venules
185
Describe the typical circulatory route
Heart -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins -> heart
186
What are the 2 exceptions to the typical circulatory route?
1. Portal systems
2. Anastomoses
187
Describe a portal system
Route in which blood flows through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart
188
Describe anastomoses
Point where veins and/or arteries merge without intervening capillaries to provide an alternate route for blood flow
189
What are the 3 types of anastomoses?
1. Arteriovenous anastomoses
2. Arterial anastomoses
3. Venous anastomoses
190
Describe arteriovenous anastomoses
shunt to reduce heat loss by bypassing exposed areas
191
Describe arterial anastomoses
Two arteries join to provide collateral routes of blood supply
192
Describe venous anastomoses
One vein empties into another, providing alternative routes for drainage
193
What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?
1. Brachiocephalic trunk
2. Left common carotid a.
3. Left subclavian
194
What is the largest branch of the aortic arch?
Braciocephalic trunk
195
What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?
Into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
196
What are the 8 arteries of the upper extermities?
1. right subclavian
2. right axillary
3. humeral circumflex
4. right brachial
5. right radial
6. right ulnar
7. right deep palmar arch
8. right superficial palmar arch
196
What is the principal division of the external carotid artery?
Into maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery
197
What forms the right deep palmar arch?
right radial artery
198
what forms the right superficial palmar arch?
Right ulnar artery
199
What does the brachial artery divide into?
radial a. and ulnar a.
200
What are palmar branches
Come off palmar arches and unite at cleft between fingers
201
Where are the digital arteries located?
run down the adjacent side of the fingers into small vessels at the fingertips
202
What does the external iliac a. pass underneath?
Inguinal ligament
203
What does the externall iliac a. become?
Femoral a.
204
What do the branches of the femoral artery provide blood to?
The skin and muscles of the thigh
205
What does the femoral a. turn in to?
Popliteal a.
206
What does the popliteal a. divide into?
1. anterior tibial a.
2. posterior tibial a.
207
What does the posterior tibial a. divide into on the sole of the foot?
1. Medial plantar a.
2. Lateral plantar a.
208
What is the plantar arch?
Joins the medial and lateral plantar
209
What does the anterior tibial a. become?
dorsalis pedis a.
210
Where is the dorsalis pedis a. located?
Infront of the ankle; artery of the foot
211
What does the dorsalis pedis a. branch into
Arcuate a.
212
What are the 6 major dural venous sinuses?
1. superior & inferior saggital sinuses
2. Straight sinus
3. left & right transverse sinuses
4. left & right sigmoid sinuses
5. cavernous sinus
6. superior & inferior petrosal sinuses
213
What does cranial venous blood drain through?
dural venous sinuses
214
Why are there no valves in the dural venous sinus system?
So the blood can flow in multiple directions
215
Where is the internal jugular vein located in proximity to the external jugular vein?
Larger and deeper
216
Where the the external jugular vein receive its tributaries from?
Scalp, deep parts of the face, area supplied by the external carotid artery
217
Where is the vertebral vein formed?
In the suboccipital triangle
218
Where does the superficial vein lie in proximity of the sternocleidomastoid muscles?
Superficial and lateral
219
What is the only tributary of the subclavian vein?
External jugular vein
220
What two veins form the brachiocephalic vein?
1. internal jugular vein
2. subclavian vein
221
where do the brachiocephalic veins drain into?
Superior vena cava
222
T/F: In the upper extremities, deep veins have more valves than superficial veins
True
223
Where are the superficial veins of the hand principally situated?
On the dorsal surface
224
Which side of the dorsal network is the basilic vein formed?
Medial side
225
Which side of the dorsal network is the cephalic vein formed on?
Lateral side
226
Once over the first rib, what does the axillary vein divide into?
the subcalvian v.
227
What are the tributaries of the brachiocephalic v.?
subclavian v. and internal jugular v.
228
T/F deep veins of the lower extremities have less valves than superficial veins
false
229
What are the 7 deep veins of the lower extremity?
1. femoral v.
2. popliteal v.
3. anterior tibial v.
4. posterior tibial
5. peroneal v.
6. dorsalis pedis
7. plantar venous arch
230
What are the 2 important superficial veins of the lower extremities?
1. Great saphenous vein
2. Small saphenous vein
231
What side of the leg does the great saphenous vein ascend on?
Medial side
232
What side of the achilles tendon does the small saphenous vein ascend on?
Lateral side
233
What is the largest blood vessel in the body?
Inferior vena cava
234
What forms the inferior vena cava?
Common iliac veins
235
What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system
1. immune system
2. alternate route for blood bound substances
3. return lymph to the venous system
236
Compare how much fluid is filtered out to how much is absorbed per day
24 litres out, 20.4 litres in; excess enters lymphatic vessels
237
What are the 2 anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?
1. upper respiratory tract
2. lower respiratory tract
238
What are the 4 things included in the upper respiratory tract?
1. Nose
2. Nasal cavity
3. Sinuses
4. Pharynx
239
What 5 things are included in the lower respiratory tract?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
240
What are the 2 functional divisions of the respiratory system?
1. Conducting zone
2. Respiratory zone
241
What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?
1. Gas exchange
2. Blood pH regulation
3. Sound protection
4. protect against invading pathogens
242
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Air movement between environment and lungs
243
What is external respiration?
gas exchange between atmosphere and blood
244
What is internal respiration?
Gas exchange between blood and body's cells
245
What is cellular respiration?
use & production of gases in metabolism
246
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
1. frontal
2. ethmoidal
3. sphenoidal
4. maxillary
247
What are paranasal sinuses?
air spaces that make bones lighter in weight
248
What 2 tracts share the pharynx?
Respiratory and digestive tracts
249
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
250
There are 9 cartilage rings in the larynx, what are the 3 single structures?
1. epiglottic
2. thyroid
3. cricoid
251
There are 9 cartilage rings in the larynx, what are the 3 paired structures?
1. arytenoid
2. corniculate
3. cuneiform
252
What does the trachea divide into?
Left and right primary bronchi
253
What are the 2 fissures identifiable in the gross anatomy of the right lung?
1. Horizontal fissure
2. Oblique fissure
254
What does each primary bronchi divide into?
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
255
How many segmental bronchi supply each lung?
8-10
256
What are bronchopulmonary segments?
Distinct region of the lung separate by a septum
257
What is a pulmonary lobule?
Functional unit of the lung where gas exchange occurs
258
What is an acinus?
round cluster of alveoli
259
How many alveoli does each lung hold?
300-500 million
260
What are the 3 functional classifications of the skeletal muscles of breathing?
1. Quiet breathing
2. Forced inhalation
3. Forced exhalation
261
What are the 2 muscles of quiet breathing?
1. diaphragm
2. external intercostals
262
What are the 5 muscles of forced inhalation?
1. sternoicleidomastoid
2. scalenes
3. serratus posterior superior
4. pectoralis major
5. erector spinae
263
What are the 5 muscles of forced exhalation?
1. transversus thoracis
2. serratus posterior inferior
3. Internal intercostal
4. external oblique
5. transverses abdominis
264
What are the 6 digestive tracts of the digestive system?
1. Oral cavity
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
6. large intestine
265
What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system?
1. liver
2. gall bladder
3. pancreas
4. salivary gland
266
What are the 6 general functions of the digestive system, in order?
1. ingestion
2. secretion
3. motility
4. digestion
5. absorption
6. elimination of wastes
267
What is the general function of the liver?
secretion of bile, storage of nutrients
268
What is the general function of the gall bladder?
Storage and concentration of bile
269
What is the general function of the pancreas?
Buffers, digestive enzymes, secretion of hormones
270
What is the general function of the large intestine?
Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials to excrete
271
What is the general function of the small intestine?
Enzymatic digestion of water, organic substrates, ions, and vitamins
272
What is the general function of the stomach?
Chemical breakdown via acid and enzymes
273
What is the general function of the esophagus?
Transport materials to the stomach
274
What is the general function of the pharynx?
Transport of materials to the stomach
275
What is the enzymes secreted by the salivary glands that begins to breakdown sugar?
Amylase
276
What is a bolus?
Food mixed with saliva
277
What are the 3 glands that produce saliva?
1. Parotid glands
2. Sublingual glands
3. Submandibular glands
278
What are the 2 phases of swallowing (deglutition)?
1. Voluntary phase
2. Involuntary phase
279
What is the esophageal hiatus?
Opening in diaphragm that the esophagus passes through just before it connects to the stomach
280
What does the stomach turn the bolus into?
Chyme
281
Why is the small intestine shorter in living individuals compared to cadavers?
Muscle tone
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What are the 3 components of the small intestine?
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
283
What are the 2 serous membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity?
1. parietal periteoneum
2. visceral peritoneum
284
What does the parietal peritoneum of the abdominopelvic cavity cover?
Lines surface of the body wall
285
What does the visceral peritoneum of the abdominopelvic cavity cover?
Covers the surface of internal organs within the cavity
286
What is the peritoneal cavity?
Space between parietal and visceral surface
287
What is the general function of the peritoneal cavity?
Provides essential lubrication that allows sliding without friction
288
What are the organs called that lie within the peritoneal cavity?
Intraperitoneal organs
289
What are the 5 intraperitoneal organs?
1. stomach
2. liver
3. spleen
4. small intestine
5. most of large intestine
290
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What are the 5 retroperitoneal organs?
1. Kidneys
2. pancreas
3. duodenum
4. ureters
5. major abdominal blood vessels
292
What are mesentaries?
Double sheet of peritoneum that supports and stabilizes intraperitoneal GI tract organs
293
What are the 4 types of mesentaries?
1. Lesser omentum
2. Greater omentum
3. Mesentary proper
4. Mesocolon
294
What is a peritoneal ligament?
Peritoneal fold that attaches one organ to another
295
What are the 2 subdivisions of the right lobe of the liver?
1. Caudate
2. Quadrate
296
What are the 4 peritoneal ligaments?
1. Falciform ligament
2. Round ligament
3. Coronary ligament
4. Ligamentum venosum
297
What does the falciform ligament separate?
Right and left lobes of the liver
298
Where is the round ligament found?
Base of the falciform ligament
299
What is the coronary ligament?
Division of falciform that suspends liver from diaphragm
300
What is the ligamentum venosum located between?
posteriorly: porta hepatis and coronary ligament
301
What are the liver cells called?
Hepatocytes
302
Describe the 3 components of the portal triad composition.
1. Bile ductule
2. Branch of hepatic portal vein
3. Branch of hepatic artery
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What are the 3 units (anatomical and functional) that hepatocytes, bile ducts, and sinusoids can be organized in to?
1. Hepatic lobule (anatomical model)
2. Portal lobule (exocrine function model)
3. Hepatic acinus (functional model)
304
What does the gall bladder to the bile that was produced in the liver?
Stores and modifies it; 40-70ml max
305
T/F: the pancreas has exocrine function but no endocrine functions
False; both endo and exocrine functions
306
What performs the endocrine functions in the pancreas?
Pancreatic islets that secrete insulin and glucagon
307
What performs the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
acinar cells secreting pancreatic juice
308
What are the 7 functions of the urinary system?
1. Remove waste from blood
2. Storage of urine
3. Excretion of urine
4. Regulate blood vol.
5. regulate erythrocyte production
6. Regulation of ion levels
7. regulate acid-base balance
309
What vertebrae segment are the kidneys located between?
T12-L3
310
What is the right kidney 2 cm lower than the left kidney?
To accommodate for the liver
311
What are the superior & inferior portions of the kidneys referred to as?
Poles or extremities
312
What components of the nephron is contained within the cortex?
1. Corpuscles
2. Proximal tubules
3. Distal tubules
313
What components of the nephron are located within the medulla?
1. Loop of Henle
2. Collecting duct
314
Describe glomerular filtration of the kidneys.
Move substances from blood in glomerulus into capsular space
315
Describe tubular reabsorption.
Movement of substances from tubular fluid back into blood
316
Describe tubular secretion in the kidneys?
Movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid
317
What are the 6 arteries that supply blood to the kidneys?
1. Renal artery
2. suprarenal artery
3. Segmental artery
4. Interlobar arteries
5. Corticol radiate arteries
6. Arcuate arteries
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What are the 4 veins that contribute to the blood supply of the kidneys?
1. Renal vein
2. Interlobar vein
3. Arcuate vein
4. cortical radiate veins
319
Where does the ureter conduct urine to and from?
From kidney to urinary bladder
320
Where does the ureter originate from?
Renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney
321
The ureters are composed of 3 concentric tunics, what are they?
1. Mucosa
2. Muscularis
3. Adventitia
322
What does the peristalis allow for?
Movement of urine
323
Where is the urinary bladder located?
Immediately posterior to the pubic symphysis
324
What is the urachus? What does it become?
Canal connecting bladder to umbilical cord. Becomes the median umbilical ligament
325
What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
triangular area formed by ureteral openings
326
What is the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder?
Smooth muscle that allows for uniform contraction of the bladder
327
How many smooth muscle layers compose the detrusor muscle?
3
328
What is the internal urethral sphincter?
Smooth muscles encircling the urethral opening
329
What is micturition?
Expulsion of urine from the bladder
330
Where in the brain is the micturition center that stretch receptors send signals to?
Micturition centre in the pons
331
At roughly how many ml does an individual first have the urge to pee?
~200 ml
332
When will the internal urethral sphincter start to open?
Over 200 ml; involuntary
333
When will the external urethral sphincter open? Is it voluntary or involuntary?
500-800ml; voluntarily opens
334
Describe the composition of the ureter.
A fibromuscular tube
335
What is the outermost layer of the urethra?
Adventitia
336
What is the 2nd outer layer of the urethraa?
Circular muscle
337
What is the 3rd outtermost layer of the urethra called?
Longitudinal muscle
338
What is the second innermost layer of the urethra called?
Submucosa
339
What is the innermost layer of the urethra called?
Mucosa
340
What are the 3 partitioned sections of the male urethra?
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra
3. Spongy urethra
