Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

(459 cards)

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Produce skeletal movement
  2. Maintain posture/body position
  3. Protect & support abdominopelvic cavity
  4. Regulate entering and exiting material
  5. Maintain body temperature
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2
Q

What 4 things is gross anatomy the study of?

A
  1. Muscle fibre organization
  2. Associated connective tissue
  3. Associated nerves
  4. Associated blood vessels
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3
Q

What 3 things is microscopic anatomy the study of?

A
  1. Myofibrils
  2. Myofilaments
  3. Sarcomeres
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4
Q

What are the 4 types of skeletal muscle fibre organization?

A
  1. Parallel (fusiform)
  2. Convergent (triangular)
  3. Circular (sphincteral)
  4. Pennate (featherlike)
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5
Q

Describe the parallel (fusiform) skeletal muscle organization.

A

Thick belly with tapered ends, fascicles run parallel to muscle axis and may run entire length of muscle

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6
Q

Describe convergent (triangular) skeletal muscle fibre organization.

A

A broad area that comes together at a common point; one portion of muscle can be stimulated at a time to change the direction of the pull

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7
Q

Describe the circular (sphincteral) skeletal muscle fibre organization.

A

A concentric ring that constricts an opening or orifice when contracting

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8
Q

Describe pennate (featherlike) skeletal fibre muscle organization. What are the 3 variations?

A

Fibres that form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle.
1. Unipennate
2. Bipennate
3. Multipennate

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9
Q

Describe each unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate skeletal muscle fibre organization.

A

Unipennate: fibres on the same side of tendon
Bipennate: fibres on both side of tendon
Multipennate: tendon branches within muscle

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10
Q

What are the 4 things tendons attach to?

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilage
  3. Ligaments
  4. Fascia
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11
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A broad, flat tendon

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12
Q

What is the new terminology for the ‘origin’ of a muscle?

A

Axial skeleton: inferior attachment
Appendicular: proximal attachment

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13
Q

What is the new terminology for the ‘insertion’ of a muscle?

A

Axial: superior attachment
Appendicular: distal attachment

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14
Q

What are the two methods of describing muscle action?

A
  1. Reference to the associated bone region
  2. Reference to specific joint
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15
Q

Describe agonist, antagonist, and synergistic primary muscle actions

A

Agonist: prime mover; muscles for intended movement
Antag. muscle oppose intended movement
Syner. stabilizer; assist agonist

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16
Q

What does the term profundas mean?

A

deep

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17
Q

What does the term rectus mean?

A

Straight, parallel

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18
Q

What does the term caoitis mean?

A

Head

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19
Q

What does the term genio mean?

A

chin

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20
Q

What does the term palpebrae mean?

A

Eyelid

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21
Q

What are the 6 muscles of the mouth region of facial expression?

A
  1. Orbicularis oris m.
  2. Zygomaticus minor m.
  3. Zygomaticus major m.
  4. Buccinator m.
  5. Risorius m.
  6. Mentalis m.
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22
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oris m.?

A

Compresses and purses lips

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23
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus minor m.?

A

Retracts and elevates upper lip

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24
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus major m.?

A

Retracts and elevates corner of mouth

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25
What is the action of the buccinator m.?
Compresses cheek
26
What is the action of the risorius m.?
Draws corner of mouth laterally
27
What is the action of the mentalis m.?
Protrude and evert lower lip
28
What are the 2 muscles of the eye region of facial expression?
1. Orbicularis oculi m. 2. Corrugator supercilli m.
29
What is the action of the orbicularis oculi m.?
Closes eye
30
What is the action of the corrugator supercilli m.?
Pulls skin inferiorly and medially
31
What are the 2 muscles of the nose region of facial expression?
1. Procerus m. 2. Nasalis m.
32
What is the action of the procerus m.?
Wrinkles nose
33
What is the action of the nasalis m.?
Compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose, elevates corner of nostrils
34
What are the 2 muscles of the scalp region of facial expression (name all divisions for each)?
1. Occipitofrontalis m. (frontal & occipital belly) 2. Auricularis (ante., post., super.)
35
What is the action of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis m.?
raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
36
What is the action of the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis m.?
Tenses and retracts scalp
37
What is the muscle and action of the neck region of facial expression?
1. Platysma: tenses skin of neck; pulls lower lip inferiorly
38
What are the two muscles of mastication?
1. Masseter 2. Temporalis
39
What is the action of the masseter m.?
Close jaw, assists in protraction, retraction and side to side movement of the mandible
40
What is the action of the temporalis m.?
Closes jaw, assists in retracting and moving mandible side to side
41
What are the 2 muscles that move the head and neck?
1. Sternocleidomastoid m. 2. Scalene m.
42
What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid m.?
Sternal head (manubrium); clavicular head (clavicle)Wh
43
What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid m.?
Mastoid process of temporal bone
44
What is the action (unilateral and bilateral) of the sternocleidomastoid m.?
Uni: laterally flexes head to same side; rotates head opposite side Bi: flexes neck, protracts head; aids in inhalation
45
What is the action of the scalene m.?
Flexes and side bends the neck; elevates ribs 1-2 (inhalation)
46
What are the 3 layers of muscles of the vertebral column? What types of muscles are in each layer?
1. Superficial intrinsic muscles 2. Intermediate intrinsic muscles 2. Deep intrinsic muscles
47
What are the 2 muscles of the vertebral column?l delete
1. Serratus posterior superior m. 2. Serratus posterior inferior m.
48
What is the superficial intrinsic back muscle? What are its actions (unilateral & bilateral)
1. Splenius capitis m. Uni: rotates and laterally flexes neck Bi: extends head and neck
49
What are the 2 intermediate intrinsic back muscle?
1. Iliiocostalis thoracis m. 2. Longissimus thoracis m.
50
What is the action of the erector spinae?
Extend all vertebral spine; elevates and depresses ribs
51
What are the 5 deep intrinsic back muscles?
1. Semispinalis m. 2. Multifidus m. 3. Rotatores m. 4. Interspinales m. 5. Intertransversarii m.
52
What is the collective action of all the deep intrinsic back muscles?
Stabilizes and provide delicate adjustment of vertebrae; slightly extends and rotates vertebrae
53
What are the 4 muscles or respiration?E
1. External intercostalis m. 2. Internal intercostalis m. 3. Transversus thoracic m. 4. Diaphragm m.
54
What is the action of the external intercostalis m.?
Elevates ribs
55
What is the action of the internal intercostalis m.?
Depresses ribs
56
What is the action of the transversus thoracic m.?
Minimal significance; depresses rib
57
What is the action of the diaphragm m.?
Contraction expands thoracic cavity; compresses abdominopelvic cavity
58
What are the 5 muscles of the abdominal wall?
1. Rectus abdominis m. 2. Pyramidalis m. 3. External abdominal oblique m. 4. Internal abdominal oblique m. 5. Transversus abdominis m.
59
What is the collective function of the muscles of the abdominal wall?
Support and protect abdominal organs; increase abdominal pressure
60
What is the origin of the rectus abdominis m.?
Superior surface of pubis
61
What is the insertion of the rectus abdominis m.?
Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7; xiphoid process
62
What is the action of the rectus abdominis m.?
Flexes vertebral column; resists vertebral motion; forced exhalationW
63
Where is the pyramidalis m. in relation to the rectus abdominis m.?
anterior
64
What percent of the population is the pyramidalis m. absent in?
~20%
65
What is the insertion of the pyramidalis m.?
Linea alba
66
What is the origin of the pyramidalis m?
Pubic crest and symphysis
67
What is the action of the pyramidalis m.?
Tenses linea alba
68
What is the origin of the external abdominal oblique m.?
External and inferior borders of ribs 5-12
69
What is the insertion of the external abdominal oblique m.?
Linea alba and iliac crest
70
What is the action of the external abdominal oblique m.?
Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the opposite side
71
What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique m.?
Thoracolumbar fascia; inguinal ligament; iliac crest
72
What is the insertion of the internal abdominal oblique m.?
Linea alba, pubis, inferior surfaces of ribs 9-12/costal cartilages
73
What is the action of the internal abdominal oblique m.?
Depresses ribs, flexes, laterally rotates vertebral column to the same side
74
What is the origin of the transversus abdominis m.?
cartilages of ribs 7-12; iliac crest; thoracolumbar fascia
75
What is the insertion of the transversus abdominis m.?
Linea alba and pubis
76
What is the action of the transversus abdominis m.?
Compresses abdomen; forced exhalation
77
What are the 7 muscles that move the pectoral girdle?
1. Trapezius m. 2. Levator scapulae m. 3. Rhomboideus minor m. 4. Rhomboideus major m. 5. Pectoralis minor m. 6. Subclavius m. 7. Serratus anterior m.
78
What are the 5 muscles (along with the rotator cuff muscles) that move the arm?
1. Pectoralis major m. 2. Sternalis m. 3. Coracobrachialis m. 4. Deltoid m. 5. Latissimus dorsi m.
79
What are the 6 rotator cuff muscles?
1. Supraspinatus m. 2. Infraspinatus m. 3. Teres minor m. 4. Subscapularis m. 5. Teres major m.
80
What is the origin of the trapezius m.?
Occipital protuberance; ligamentum nuchae; SP C7-T12
81
What is the insertion of the trapezius m.?
Lateral 1/3 clavicle; spine/acromion of scapula
82
What are the actions of the 4 different fibres of the trapezius muscles?
Sup.: elevate scapula; extends/ flexes neck laterally; Middle: retract scapula Infer: depress scapula collectively: lateral rotation of scapula
83
What are the 3 muscle fibres of the trapezius muscle?
1. Superior fibres 2. Middle fibres 3. Inferior fibres
84
What is the origin of the levator scapulaem.?
TP C1-C4
85
What is the insertion of the levator scapulae m.?
Upper 1/4 medial border of scapula
86
What is the action of the levator scapulae m.?
Elevates and medially rotates scapula; extends and bends neck laterally
87
What is the origin of rhomboideus minor m.?
SP C7-T1
88
What is the insertion of the rhomboideus minor m.?
mid portion medial border of scapula
89
What is the action of the rhomboideus minor m.?
Elevates, retracts (adducts) and slightly medially rotates scapula
90
What is the origin of rhomboideus major m.?
SP T2-T5
91
What is the insertion of the rhomboideus major m.?
Lower medial border of scapula
92
What is the action of the rhomboideus major m?
Elevates, retracts (adducts) and medially rotates scapula
93
What is the origin of pectoralis minor?
Superior margin of ribs 3-5
94
What is the insertion of pectoralis minor m.?
Coracoid process of scapula
95
What is the action of the pectoralis minor m.?
Depresses, protracts and internally rotates scapula
96
What is the origin of the subclavius m.?
1st rib and costal cartilages
97
What is the insertion of the subclavius m.?
Subclavian groove of the clavicle
98
What is the action of the subclavius m?
Stabilizes and depresses clavicle
99
What is the origin of the serratus anterior m.?
Anterior superior margin of first 8/9 ribs
100
What is the insertion of the serratus anterior m.?
Medial border of scapula
101
What is the action of the serratus anterior m.?
Stabilizes, abducts (protracts) and laterally rotates scapula
102
What is the origin of pectoralis major m.?
Clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of true ribs
103
What is the insertion of the pectoralis major m.?
Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
104
What is the action of the pectoralis major m.?
Flexes, adducts and medially rotates arm
105
What direction does the sternalis m. run?
Parallel to the sternum margin
106
What two muscles is the sternalis m. theoretically part of?
1. Pectoralis major m. 2. Rectus abdominis m.
107
What percent of people have the sternalis muslce?
3-8%
108
What is the origin of the coracobrachialis m.?
Coracoid process of scapula
109
What is the insertion of the coracobrachialis m.?
Medial margin of shaft of humerus
110
What is the action of the coracobrachialis m.?
Adducts and flexes arm
111
What is the origin of the deltoid muscle m.?
Clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula
112
What is the insertion of the deltoid m.?
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
113
What is the action of the deltoid m.?
Whole muscle abducts arm; may flex/extend/rotate arm medially and laterally
114
What is the origin of the latissimus dorsi m.?
SP T7-T12; ribs 8-12; iliac crest; thoracolumbar fascia
115
What is the insertion of the lattisimus dorsi m.?
Intertubercular groove of humerus
116
What is the action of the latissimus dorsi m.?
Extends, adducts, medially rotates arm, draws shoulders back and downward
117
What is the origin of the supraspinatus m.?
Supraspinous fossa
118
What is the insertion of the supraspinatus m.?
Superior portion of greater tubercle of humerus
119
What is the action of the supraspinatus m.?
abducts arm (10-15 degrees)
120
What is the origin of the infraspintus m.?
infraspinous fossa m
121
What is the insertion of the infraspinatus m.?
Posterior mid-portion of greater tubercle of humerus
122
What is the action of the infraspinatus m.?
laterally rotates arm, may assist in adduction
123
What is the origin of teres minor m.?
Axillary border of scapula
124
What is the insertion of the teres minor m.?
Posterior inferior portion of greater tubercle of humerus
125
What is the action of teres minor m.?
Adducts and laterally rotates arm
126
What is the origin of subscapularis m.?
Subscapular fossa
127
What is the insertion of the subscapularis muscle?
Lesser tubercle of humerus
128
what is the action fo the subscapularis m.?
Adducts and medially rotates arm
129
What is the origin of teres major m.?
Dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula
130
What is the insertion of the teres major m.?
Medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
131
What is the action of the teres major m.?I
Adducts, extends, and medially rotates arm
132
What are the 3 muscles responsible for lateral humeral rotation?
1. Infraspinatus m. 2. Teres minor m. 3. Deltoid m.
133
What are the 5 muscles responsible for medially humeral rotation?
1. Subscapularis m. 2. deltoid m. 3. pectorals major m. 4. latissimus dorsi m. 5. Teres major m.
134
What are the 3 muscles that move the forearm?
1. Biceps brachii m. 2. Brachialis m. 3. Triceps brachii m.
135
What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii m.?
Supraglenoid tubercle
136
What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii m.?
coracoid process
137
What is the insertion of the biceps brachii m.?
Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
138
What is the action of the biceps brachii m.?
Flexes and supinates forearm; flexes arm
139
What is the origin of the brachialis m.?
Distal 1/2 anterior surface of humerus
140
What is the insertion of the brachialis m.?
Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
141
What is the action of the brachialis m.?
Flexes forearm
142
Where is the brachialis m. located is relation to the bicep brachii m.?
Underneath the bicep muscles
143
What is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii m.?
Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
144
What is the origin of the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii m.?
posterior shaft of humerus
145
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii m.?
Olecranon process of ulna
146
What is the action of the triceps brachii m.?
Extends forearm; long head extends and adducts arm
147
What does a muscle compartment contain?
Functionally related muscles w/ associated nerves and blood vessels
148
What are the two muscle compartments and what divides them?
1. Anterior compartment 2. Posterior compartment Divided by deep fascia
149
What 3 muscles are in the anterior compartment of muscles that move the forearm? What is the general name for these muscles?
1. Biceps brachii m. 2. Brachialis m. 3. Coracobrachialis m. Flexor muscles
150
What are the two muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm? What is the general term for these muscles?
1. Triceps brachii m. 2. Aconeus m. Extensor muscles
151
What are the two types of forearm musculature?
1. Extrinsic muscles 2. Intrinsic muscles
152
What is the attachment point of the extrinsic muscles of the forearm?
Proximal forearm
153
What is the attachment point for the intrinsic muscles of the forearm?
Solely within the hand
154
What are the anterior actions of the forearm musculature?
pronation and flexion
155
What are the posterior actions of the forearm musculature?
supination and extension
156
What is the common origin of the anterior forearm musculature?
Medial epicondyle of humerus
157
There are 2 layers of anterior forearm muscles (superficial and 2nd layer), what are the 4 muscles in this layer?
1. Pronator teres m. 2. Flexor carpi radialis m. 3. Palmaris longus m. 4. Flexor carpi ulnaris m.
158
What is the insertion of the pronator teres m.?
Lateral mid radius
159
What is the action of the pronator teres m.?
Pronates forearm
160
What is the insertion of the flexor carpi radialis m.?
Base of 2nd and 3rd MC
161
What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?
Flexes and abducts hand
162
What is the insertion of the palmaris longus m?
Flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis
163
What is the action of the palmaris longus m.?
Flexes wrist and tightens palmar aponeurosis
164
What is the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris m.?
Base of 5th MC, pisiform, and hook of hamate
165
What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris m.?
Flexes & adducts hand
166
What is the muscle of the 2nd layer of the anterior forearm musculature?
Flexor digitorum superficialis m.
167
What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum superficialis m.?
Middle phalanx digits 2-5
168
What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis m.?
Flexes digits 2-5 at MP and PIP joints; flexes wrist
169
What is the common origin of the posterior forearm musculature?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
170
171
172
What are the 3 muscles that move the forearm?
1. Biceps brachii m. 2. Brachialis m. 3. Triceps brachii m.
173
What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii m.?
Supraglenoid tubercle
174
What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii m.?
coracoid process
175
What is the insertion of the biceps brachii m.?
Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
176
What is the action of the biceps brachii m.?
Flexes and supinates forearm; flexes arm
177
What is the origin of the brachialis m.?
Distal 1/2 anterior surface of humerus
178
What is the insertion of the brachialis m.?
Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
179
What is the action of the brachialis m.?
flexes forearm
180
Where is the brachialis m. located in reference to the bicep?
Underneath the bicep
181
What is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii m.?
Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
182
What is the origin of the lateral/medial heads of the triceps brachii m.?
posterior shaft of humerus
183
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii m.?
Olecranon process of ulna
184
What is the action of the triceps brachii m.?
Extends forearm; long heads extends and adducts arm
185
What are the 2 muscle compartments of the muscles that move the forearm? What is the general term for the muscles in each compartment?
1. ante. compartment: flexors 2. Post. compartment: extensors
186
What are the 3 anterior compartment flexor muscles that move the forearm?
1. Biceps brachii m. 2. Brachialis m. 3. Coracobrachialis m.
187
What are the 3 posterior compartment flexor muscles that move the forearm?
1. Triceps brachii m. 2. Anconeus m.
188
What is the attachment of the extrinsic muscles of the forearm musculature?
Proximal forearm
189
What is the attachment of the intrinsic muscles of the forearm musculature?
Solely within the hand
190
There are 2 deep fascia partitions in the forearm musculature (ante. & post.); what are the actions of each compartment?
Ante.: Pronation and flexion Post.: Supination and extension
191
What is the common origin of the forearm musculature?
Medial epicondyle of humerus
192
What are the 4 muscles of the 1st (superficial) layer of the anterior forearm musculature?
1. Pronator teres m. 2. Flexor carpi radialis m. 3. Palmaris longus m. 4. Flexor carpi ulnaris m.
193
What is the insertion of the pronator teres m.?
lateral mid-radius
194
What is the action of the pronator teres m.?
pronates forearm
195
What is the insertion of the flexor carpi radialis m.?
Base of 2nd and 3rd MC
196
What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis m.?
flexes and abducts hand
197
What is the insertion of the palmaris longus m.?
flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
198
What is the action of the palmaris longus m.?
flexes wrist and tightens palmar aponeurosis
199
What is the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris m.?
Base of 5th MC pisiform and hook of hamate
200
What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris m.?
flexes and adducts hand
201
What is the muscle of the 2nd layer of the anterior forearm musculature?
Flexor digitorum superficialis m.
202
What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum superficialis m.?
Middle phalanx digits 2-5
203
What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis m.?
Flexes digits 2-5 at MP and PIP joints; flexes wrist
204
What is the common origin of the posterior forearm musculature?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
205
What are the 7 muscles of the 1st layer of the post. forearm musculature?
1. Brachioradialis m. 2. Extensor carpi radialis longus m. 3. Extensor carpi radialis brevis m. 4. Extensor digitorum communis m. 5. Extensor digiti minimi m. 6. Extensor carpi ulnaris m. 7. Anconeus m.
206
What is the insertion of the brachioradialis m.?
Styloid process of radius
207
What is the action of the brachioradialis m.?
flexes forearm
208
What is the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus m.?
base of 2nd MC
209
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus m.?
Extends and abducts hand
210
What is the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis brevis m.?
Base of 3rd MC
211
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis m.?
extends and abducts hand
212
What is the insertion of the extensor digitorum communis m.?
extensor expansions digits 2-5
213
What is the action of the extensor digitorum communis m.?
extends wrist, extends MP, PIP, and DIP joints of digits 2-5
214
What is an extensor expansion?
triangular aponeurosis covering the head of the metacarpals, continuing to the distal phalanx as three distinct bands
215
What is the insertion of the extensor digiti minimi m.?
Extensor expansion 5th digit
216
What is the action of the extensor digiti minimi m.?
extends 5th digit at MP, PIP, and DIP joints
217
What is the insertion of the extensor carpi ulnaris m.?
Base of 5th MC
218
What is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris m.?
extends and adducts hand
219
What is the insertion of the anconeus m.?
Olecranon, proximal 1/4 shaft of ulna
220
What is the action of the anconeus m.?
Extends forearm
221
What are the 2 fascia's of the wrist?
1. Flexor retinaculum 2. Extensor retinaculum
222
Where is the attachment point of the flexor retinaculum of the wrist?
medially to the pisiform, hook of hamate; laterally to scaphoid, and partially to trapezium
223
What is the extensor retinaculum an continuation of?
The antebrachial fascia of the anterior wrist
224
What are the 3 groups of intrinsic hand muscle? Which group is the thumb side?1
1. Thenar (thumb) 2. Hypothenar 3. Midpalmar/central group
225
What is the action of the muscles in the thenar and hypothenar eminence?
Abduct, flex, and perform opposition of digits 1 & 5
226
What is the action of the muscles in the midpalmar group of the intrinsic hand muscles?
Adduct and abduct digits; assist in flexion of MP joints and extensions of IP joints
227
What are the 4 muscles that move the thigh?
1. Iliacus m. 2. Psoas major m. 3. Tensor fascia latae m. 4. Sartorius
228
What is the origin of the iliacus m.?
Iliac fossa
229
What is the insertion of the iliacus m.?
Lesser trochanter of femur
230
What is the action of the iliacus m.?
Flexes thigh
231
What is the origin of the psoas major m.?
lateral bodies & TP T12-L5
232
What is the insertion of the psoas major m.?
lesser trochanter of femur
233
What is the action of the psoas major m.?
flexes thigh
234
What is the origin of the tensor fascia latae major m.?
Iliac crest; anterior superior iliac spine
235
What is the insertion of the tensor fascia latae major m.?
Iliotibial band (tract)
236
What is the action of the tensor fascia latae major m.?
flexes and medially rotates thigh; tenses which laterally supports knee
237
Describe the superficial fascia of the iliotibial tract (band)
continuous layer over whole of thigh; contains fat, superficial vessels and nerves
238
Describe the deep fascia of the ilitibial tract.
layer surrounds muscles and varies in thickness
239
What is the origin of the sartorius m.?
Ante. sup. iliac spine
240
What is the insertion of the sartorius m.?
proximal medial shaft of tibia
241
What is the action of the sartorius m.?
Flexes and laterally/medially rotates thigh
242
What are the 3 posterior muscles that move the thigh?
1. Gluteus maximus m. 2. Gluteus medius m. 3. Gluteus minimus m.
243
What is the origin of the gluteus maximus m.?
Iliac crest; sacrum; coccyx
244
What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus m.?
iliotibial band (80%); gluteal tuberosity (20%) of femur
245
What is the action of the gluteus maximus m.?
extends and laterally rotates thigh
246
What is the origin of the gluteus medius m.?
lateral surface of ilium
247
What is the insertion of the gluteus medius m.?
greater trochanter of femur
248
What is the action of the gluteus medius m.?
abducts and medially rotates thigh
249
What is the origin of the gluteus minimus m.?
Lateral surface of ilium
250
What is the insertion of the gluteus minimus m.?
greater trochanter of femur
251
What is the action of the gluteus minimus m.?
abducts and medially rotates thigh
252
What are the 6 deep lateral rotators of the thigh?
1. Piriformis m. 2. Superior gemellus m. 3. Inferior gemellus m. 4. Obturator internus m. 5. Obturator externes m. 6. Quadratus femoris m.
253
What is the common action of the deep lateral rotators of the thigh?
Provide stability and maintain integrity of the hip joint; assists with lateral rotation of the thigh
254
What are the attachment points of the piriformis m.?
Anteriolateraly sacrum -> greater trochanter
255
What is the action of the piriformis m.?
Slight external rotation and abduction
256
What are the attachment points of the superior gemellus m.?
Ischial tuberosity -> t. of obturator internus
257
What are the attachment points of the inferior gemellus m.?
Ischial tuberosity -> tendon of obturator internus
258
What are the attachment points of the obturator internus m.?
Internal margin of obturator foramen -> greater trochanter
259
What are the attachment points of the obturator externes m.?
External margin of obturator foramen -> trochanteric fossa
260
What are the attachment points fo the quadratus femoris m.?
Ischial tuberosity -> intertrochanteric crest of femur
261
What are the 5 adductor muscles of the thigh?
1. Pectineus m. 2. Adductor longus m. 3. Adductor brevis m. 4. Adductor Magnus m. 5. Gracilis m.
262
What is the common action of the adductors of the thigh?
Adducts and flexes thigh
263
What is the origin of the pectineus m.?
Pectineal line of pubis
264
What is the insertion of the pectineus m.?
pectineal line of femur
265
What is the origin of the adductor longus m.?
Body of pubis
266
What is the insertion of the adductor longus m.?
Middle 1/3 linea aspera of femur
267
What is the origin of the adductor brevis m.?
body and inferior ramus of pubis
268
What is the insertion of the adductor brevis m.?
proximal 1/3 linea aspera of femur
269
Where is the adductor brevis m. in relation to the adductor longus and the pectineus?
In between, but deeper
270
What is the origin of the adductor magnus m.?
Inferior ramus of pubis; ramus and tuberosity of ischium
271
What is the insertion of the adductor part of the adductor Magnus m.?
linea aspera
272
What is the insertion of the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus m.?
adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle
273
What is the action of the adductor part of the adductor Magnus m.?
flexes and weakly laterally rotates thigh
274
What is the action of the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus m.?
extends and weakly medially rotates thigh
275
What is the origin of the gracilis m.?
Body and inferior ramus of pubis
276
What is the insertion of the gracilis m.?
proximal medial shaft of tibia
277
What is the action of the gracilis m.?
adducts and flexes thigh; flexes and medially rotates thigh
278
What are the 4 quadricep muscles?
1. Rectus femoris m. 2. Vastus lateralis m. 3. Vastus medialis m. 4. Vastus intermedius m.
279
What is the origin of the rectus femoris m.?
Anterior inferior iliac spine
280
What is the origin of the vastus lateralis m.?
greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
281
What is the origin of the vastus intermedius m.?
Anteriolateral surface of femur
282
What is the origin of the vastus medalis m.?
Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur
283
What are the 2 speculated divisions of the vastus medialis m.?
VM Oblique (angle, keep patella straight) VM Long
284
What is the insertion of the quadricep muscles?
Tibial tuberosity via patellar lig.
285
What is the general action of the quadricep muscles?
Extends leg; rectus femoris m. flexes thigh; pinnated m. for force production
286
What are the 3 hamstring muscles?
1. Biceps femoris m. 2. Semitendinosus m. 3. Semimembranosus m.
287
What is the origin of the long head of the bicep femoris m.?
Ischial tuberosity
288
What is the origin of the short head of the bicep femoris m.?
linea aspera of femur
289
what is the insertion of the biceps femoris m.?
head of fibula
290
what is the action of the biceps femoris m.?
extends thigh; flexes and laterally rotates leg
291
what is the origin of the semitendinosus m.?
ischial tuberosity
292
what is the insertion of the semitendinosus m.?
proximal medial shaft of tibia
293
Where is the semitendinosus m. in relation to the semimembranosus m.?
Superficial to the semimembranosus m.
294
what is the origin of the semimembranosus m.?
ischial tuberosity
295
what is the insertion of the semimembranosus m.?
posterior surface of medial tibial condyle
296
what is the action of the semimembranosus m.?
both extends thigh; flexes and medially rotates leg
297
What is the attachment of the pet anserine (goose foot)?
proximal medial shaft of tibia
298
What are the 3 muscles of the pes anserine? Label them as ante., poste., and intermediate.
1. Sartorius: ante 2. Gracilis: inter 3. Semitendinosus: post
299
What is the collective action of the pes anserine?
flexes and medially rotates leg
300
What are the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg muscles?
1. Fibularis longus m. 2. Fibularis brevis m.
301
What is the collective action of the lateral compartment of the leg muscles?
Both evert foot; weakly plnatarflexes
302
What are the 3 superficial posterior compartment leg muscles?
1. Gastrocnemius m. 2. Soleus m. 3. Plantaris m.
303
What are the 4 muscles in the deep posterior compartment of the leg muscles?
1. Popliteus m. 2. Flexor hallucis longus m. 3. Flexor digitorum longus m. 4. Tibialis posterior m.
304
What are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg muscles?
1. Tibialis anterior m. 2. Extensor hallucis longus m. 3. Extensor digitorum longus m. 4. Fibula's tertius m.
305
What are the 2 anterior retinaculum of the ankle?
1. Superior extensor retinaculum 2. Inferior extensor retinaculum
306
What are the 2 lateral retinacula of the ankle?
1. Superior fibular retinaculum 2. Inferior fibular retinaculum
307
What is the medial retinaculum of the ankle?
Flexor retinaculum
308
What do retinaculums cover?
Tendons
309
What is the retinaculum of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis
310
What fascia forms the plantar aponeurosis?
Deep fascia of leg thickens on the inferior aspect of foot
311
What is the insertion of the fibularis longus m.?
Base of 1st MT and medial cuneiform
312
What is the insertion of the fibularis brevis m.?
Base of 5th MT
313
What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius m.?
Calcaneus via calcanea tendon
314
What is the action of the gastrocnemius m.?
Plantarflexes foot; flexes knee
315
What is the insertion of the soleus m.?
calcaneus via calcanea tendon
316
What is the action of the soleus m.?
Plantarflexes foot
317
What is the insertion of the plantaris m.?
Calcaneus
318
What is the action of the plantaris m.?
Weak leg and plantar flexor
319
What percent of the population is the plantaris m. absent in?
~7-10%
320
Where is the plantaris m. in relation to the gastrocnemius m.?
Above it on the lateral side
321
What is the insertion of the popliteus m.?
Posterior proximal tibia
322
What is the action of the popliteus m.?
weakly flexes leg; medially rotates tibia
323
What is the insertion of the flexor hallucis longus m.?
Distal phalanx of hallux
324
What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus m.?
plantarflexes foot; flexes hallux
325
What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus m.?
Distal phalanges digits 2-5
326
What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus m.?
flexes digits 2-5; plantar flexes foot
327
What is the insertion of the tibias posterior m.?
Navicular; all cuneiforms, cuboid, and base of MT 2-4
328
What is the action of the tibialis posterior m.?
Plantarflexes and inverts foot
329
What type of action does the tibialis posterior m. have with the tibialis anterior m.?
Synergistic action
330
What is the insertion of the tibialis anterior m.?
First (medial) cuneiform and base of 1st MT
331
What is the action of the tibialis anterior m.?
dorsiflexes and inverts foot
332
What muscles serves as the root cause for anterior compartment syndrome?
Tibialis anterior m.
333
What is the insertion of the extensor hallucis longus m.?
Base of distal phalanx hallux
334
What is the action of the extensor hallucis longus m.?
dorsiflexes foot; extends hallux
335
What is the insertion of the extensor digitorum longus m.?
middle and distal phalanges digits 2-5
336
What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus m.?
dorsiflexes foot; extends digits 2-5
337
What is the insertion of the fibularis tertius m.?
Base of the 5th MT
338
What is the action if the fibularis tertius m.?
Dorsiflexes and weakly everts foot
339
What is the point of attachment for the superior extensor retinaculum of the ankle?
Tibia and fibula
340
What are the points of attachment of the inferior extensor retinaculum?
1st cuneiform and tibia to calcaneus
341
What are the points of attachment of the superior fibular retinaculum?
fibula malleolus to calcaneus
342
What are the points of attachment of the inferior fibular retinaculum?
lateral extension of inferior extensor retinaculum
343
What are the points of attachment of the flexor retinaculum?
tibia malleolus and calcaneus
344
Describe the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system.
Sensory: towards CNS Motor: away from CNS
345
What are the 2 types of cells that form nervous tissue?
1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia
346
What is the function of neurons?
Initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses
347
Are neurons electrically excitable or non-excitable?
Electrically excitable
348
Can neurons divide?
No; they just die
349
What is the function of neuroglia cells?
Support and protect neurons
350
Compare the abundance and volume of neuroglia to neurons
Neuroglia 5X more abundant; 1/2 the volume of neurons
351
Can neuroglia divide?
Yes
352
What are the 4 neuron variations (sensory nerves)?
1. Anaxonic neuron 2. Bipolar neuron 3. Pseudounipolar neurons 4. Multipolar neuron
353
What are the 2 neuroglia cells of the PNS?
1. Satellite cells 2. Schwann cells
354
What are the 4 neuroglia cells of the CNS?
1. Ogliodendrocyte cells 2. Astrocyte cells 3. Microglia cells 4. Ependymal cells
355
What part of the ogliodendrocyte in the PNS contains the nucleus? What does the nucleus contain?
Cell body. Contains code for division
356
What are the 4 features of the spinal cord?
1. Through foramen magnum 2. Extends from brain to L1 vertebrae 3. 45 cm; 1/4" thick 4. Conus medullaris (end)
357
At what age does the conus medullaris stop growing at?
Age 4
358
What are the 5 subdivisions of the spinal cord?
1. Cervical part 2. Thoracic part 3. Lumbar part 4. Sacral part 5. Coccygeal part
359
In relation to the vertebrae, where is the lumbar, sacral, coccygeal part of the spinal cord?
Below T12 and above L1
360
What is a rootlet?
Collection of axons continuously entering or leaving spinal cord
361
What is a definition of a root in the spinal cord?
Collection of 8-12 rootlets
362
What is the definition of a spinal nerve?
Anterior and posterior roots unite
363
What is the Claude equine?
A collection of roots extending from conus medullaris
364
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
365
How may pair of spinal nerves are in the cervical part of the spinal cord?
8
366
How may pair of spinal nerves are in the thoracic part of the spinal cord?
12
367
How may pair of spinal nerves are in the lumbar part of the spinal cord?
5
368
How may pair of spinal nerves are in the sacral part of the spinal cord?
5
369
How may pair of spinal nerves are in the coccygeal part of the spinal cord?
1
370
What is the filum terminale? Where does it adhere to?
Thread of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support for the cord. Adheres to coccyx
371
What is another name for the film terminale?
Coccygeal lig.
372
What do spinal cord enlargements give rise to?
Nerves plexuses for the arm and legs
373
What are the two main spinal cord enlargements?
1. Cervical enlargement 2. Lumbosacral enlargement
374
Where is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord located?
In the inferior cervical part of the spinal cord
375
What does the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord innervate?
The upper limbs
376
Where is the lumbosacral enlargement located?
Through lumbar and sacral parts
377
What does the lumbosacral spinal enlargement innervate?
The lower limbs
378
What are the vertebrae segments of the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements of the cord?
C: C4-T1 LS: T4-L11
379
What 4 things are the 4 parts of the white matter of the spinal cord?
1. Posterior funicular 2. Lateral funicular 3. White commissure 4. Anterior funicular
380
What are the 4 things parts of the grey matter of the spinal cord?
1. Posterior horn 2. Grey commissure 3. Lateral horn 4. Anterior horn
381
What is generally contained in the white matter of the spinal cord?
Myelinated axons
382
What is generally contained within the grey matter of the spinal cord?
Dendrites and cell bodies; unmyelinated axons
383
What are the 4 components within a typical (mixed) spinal nerve?
1. Somatic sensory neurons 2. Visceral sensory neurons 3. Autonomic motor neurons 4. Somatic motor neuron
384
What root do the somatic and visceral sensory nerves pass through?
Posterior root
385
What root do the autonomic and somatic motor neurons pass through?
Anterior root
386
What horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord do somatic sensory neurons originate from?
Posterior horn
387
What horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord do visceral sensory neurons originate from?
Posterior horn (anterior of somatic sensory division)
388
What horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord do autonomic motor neurons originate from?
Lateral horn
389
What horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord do somatic motor neurons originate from?
Anterior horn
390
Does the cervical & thoracic parts of the spine have a larger proportion of white matter or grey matter?
White matter
391
Does the lumbar parts of the spine have a larger proportion of white matter or grey matter?
Grey matter
392
What is the general function of spinal cord meninges?
Protects and encapsulates the spinal cord
393
What are the 6 spinal cord meninges?
1. Pia mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Dura mater 4. Epidural space 5. Subdural space 6. Subarachnoid space
394
Where does the Pia mater adhere to? What is it composed of?
Adheres directly to spinal cord; elastic and collagen fibres
395
What are denticulate ligaments?
Pair, lateral triangular extensions from spinal nerve
396
What is an arachnoid trabeculae?
Fine, spider web-like fibres from the arachnoid to pia mater
397
Describe the location of the dura mater? What is this single-layer tissue composed of?
Most external meninges; made of dense fibrous tissue
398
The dura mater fuses with the epineurium, what is the epineurium?
Connective layer that surrounds spinal nerves
399
What is the epineurium composed of?
Collagen
400
Where is the epidural space located? What does it cover?
Between dura mater and periosteum; Covers the inner walls of vertebrae
401
Describe the location of the subdural space?
Potential space between dura mater and arachnoid
402
Describe the location of the subarachnoid space.
Real space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that pushes the arachnoid against dura mater
403
What are the 3 spinal nerves?
1. Epineurium 2. Perineurium 3. Endoneurium
404
Where is the epineurium located and what is it composed of?
Outer covering of peripheral nerves; made of dense irregular tissue
405
Where is the perineurium located?
Surround bundles of axons, fascicles
406
What is the endometrium composed of?
Delicate collagenous & elastic fibres
407
What are the two rami of the somatic nervous system spinal nerve distribution?
1. Dorsal (posterior) ramus 2. Ventral (anterior) ramus
408
What does the dorsal ramus of the somatic nervous system innervate?
Deep muscles and skin of the back
409
What does the ventral ramus of the somatic nervous innervate?
Large portion of the trunk, upper and lower limbs
410
What is a nerve plexus?
When nerve join, branch out, then rejoin
411
What are the 2 main nerve plexuses?
1. Cervical plexus 2. Brachial plexus
412
Which spinal nerves are associated with the cervical plexus?
C1-C4 (some C5)
413
What parts of the body does the cervical plexus supply to?
Anterior neck muscles, skin of the neck, head, shoulders
414
What is the notable branch of the cervical plexus?
Phrenic nerve
415
Where does the phrenic nerve receive contributions from?
C3-C5
416
What part of the body does the phrenic nerve provide nerve supply to?
Diaphragm
417
Where does the phrenic nerve pass between?
Pleural sac of lungs and pericardial sac of heart
418
What forms the brachial plexus?
Anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1
419
Where does the brachial plexus innervate?
Pectoral girdle and entire upper limb
420
In the brachial plexus, the anterior rami of C5-C6 will combine to form what?
Superior trunk
421
In the brachial plexus, the anterior rami of C8-T1 will combine to form what?
Inferior trunk
422
In the brachial plexus, the anterior rami of C7 will eventually turn into what?
Middle trunk
423
In the brachial plexus, what do all the trunks divide into?
Anterior and posterior divisions
424
In the brachial plexus, what forms the lateral cord?
The fusion of the anterior divisions of the middle and superior trunk (not inferior trunk)
425
In the brachial plexus, what forms the posterior cord?
The posterior divisions of all 3 trunks
426
In the brachial plexus, what forms the medial cord?
The anterior division of the inferior trunk
427
In the brachial plexus, what does the medial cord divide into?
Ulnar nerve and median nerve
428
In the brachial plexus, what does the lateral cord divide into?
Musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve
429
In the brachial plexus, what does the posterior cord divide into?
Axillary nerve and radial nerve
430
In the brachial plexus, which two cords contribute to the formation of the median nerve?
Medial and lateral cord
431
What nerve is responsible carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median nerve
432
What nerve causes numbness in the elbow?
Ulnar nerve
433
What are the 3 anterior nerves of the arm?
1. Musculocutaneous nerve 2. Median nerve 3. Ulnar nerve
434
What are the 2 posterior nerves of the arm?
1. Axillary nerve 2. Radial nerve
435
What is the definition of a dermatome?
Segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
436
All the spinal nerves except which one innervates a segment of skin?
All except C1
437
What type of pain are dermatomes involved in?
Referred visceral pain
438
Which spinal nerve supplies to the shoulder?
C5
439
Which spinal nerve supplies to the lateral arm & forearm; thumb?
C6
440
Which spinal nerve supplies to digits 2-3?
C7
441
Which spinal nerve supplies to the medial arm & forearm; digits 4-5
C8
442
Which spinal nerve supplies to the anteriolateral arm?
T1
443
What rami contributes to the lumbar plexus?
Ventral rami of spinal nerves (T12) L1-L4
444
In the lumbar plexus, what gives rise to many motor branches to the thigh?
Femoral nerve
445
In the lumbar plexus, what is the longest branch relaying sensory information from the leg?
Saphenous nerve
446
What rami contributes to the sacral plexus?
Ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4
447
In the sacral plexus, what nerve supplies the posterior thigh, leg, and foot?
Sciatic nerve
448
In the leg, which nerve feeds all the anterior nerves?
Femoral nerve
449
What is the largest and longest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
450
In the leg, what are the 2 divisions of the sciatic that are wrapped in a common sheath?
1. Tibial division 2. Common fibular division
451
What nerve does the tibial division of the sciatic nerve give rise to?
Tibial nerve
452
What nerve does the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve give rise to?
Common fibular nerve
453
In the lumbosacral plexus, what spinal nerve is responsible for the anterior proximal 1/4 thigh area?
L1
454
In the lumbosacral plexus, what spinal nerve is responsible for the anterior second 1/4 thigh area?
L2
455
In the lumbosacral plexus, what spinal nerve is responsible for the anterior third 1/4 thigh area?
L3
456
In the lumbosacral plexus, what spinal nerve is responsible for the anterior distal 1/4 thigh area?
L4
457
In the lumbosacral plexus, what spinal nerve is responsible for the anterior leg area?
L5
458
In the lumbosacral plexus, what spinal nerve is responsible for the posteriolateral thigh & leg area?
S1
459
In the lumbosacral plexus, what spinal nerve is responsible for the posteriomedial thigh & leg area?
S2