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Physiology III > Lecture 3: Female Reproductive Physiology: Terminology and basic concepts > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Female Reproductive Physiology: Terminology and basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most external surface of the ovary

A

Germinal epithelium

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2
Q

What is internal to the germinal epithelium of the ovary

A

Tunica albuginea

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3
Q

What region of the ovary contains follicles

A

Cortex

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4
Q

What region of the of the ovary with blood supply and lymphatics

A

Medulla

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5
Q

What are the two functions of the ovary

A
  1. Secrete hormones- estrogen and progesterone
  2. Produce oocytes
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6
Q

What is the order of events from primordial follicle to ovulating follicle or corpus albicans

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary follicle (oocytes)
  3. Secondary follicle
  4. Tertiary follicle (developing antrum)
  5. Antral follicle
  6. Ovulating follicle exits ovary
    OR
  7. Corpus luteum forms
  8. Corpus albicans
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7
Q

When does the first mitotic division of the oogonium occur

A

Prior to birth

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8
Q

When are the stages of oogenesis

A
  1. Mitotic proliferation prior to birth to primary oocytes
  2. Arrested in first meiotic division
  3. After puberty, one primary oocytes reaches maturity and is ovulated for about once a month until menopause ensues-> enlarged primary oocytes
  4. First meiotic division completed just prior to ovulation—> creates first polar body and secondary oocytes
  5. Develop into second polar bodies
  6. Second meiotic division is completed after fertilization into mature ovum
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9
Q

Between birth and puberty follicles do not develop, what keeps follicles in arrest during this time

A

Oocytes inhibiting factor and luteinizing inhibiting factor

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10
Q

What factor keeps the oocyte in prophase I

A

Oocyte inhibiting factor

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11
Q

What factor prevents granulosa cells from becoming luteal tissue

A

Luteinizing inhibiting factor

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12
Q

What cells multiply by mitosis during gestation

A

Primordial germ cells

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13
Q

What cells develop 8-9 weeks gestation to after birth

A

Oogonia

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14
Q

What cells enter prophase I of meiosis and become primary oocytes

A

Oogonia

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15
Q

What cells arrest in prophase I of meiosis and then meiosis occurs before ovulation

A

Primary oocytes

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16
Q

Each oocyte is surrounded by a layer of ___ cells to make a follicle

A

Granulosa cells

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17
Q

What is the ovarian reserve

A

Stock of healthy follicles and oocytes. Number is established prior to birth and constantly decline from birth

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18
Q

How many follicles do female cows have at birth

A

100,000

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19
Q

How many follicles do female cows have at 12 months

A

75,000

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20
Q

How many follicles do female cows have at 4-6 years

A

21,000

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21
Q

How many follicles does an aged cow have

A

2,500

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22
Q

Follicles consist of what 3 types of cells

A

Oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells

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23
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

Layer of glycoproteins that occur between the oocyte and granulosa cells

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24
Q

The ___ membrane surrounds the outer layer of granulosa cells and the spindle-shaped theca cells

A

Basement

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25
Q

As follicles mature a fluid fluid ___ develops within the granulosa cells

A

Antrum

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26
Q

What is the interval between successive ovulations

A

Ovarian cycle

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27
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Luteal phase
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28
Q

What dominates the follicular phase

A

Maturing follicles

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29
Q

The luteal phase is characterized by ___

A

Corpus luteum

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30
Q

What are the 3 cell types of the maturing follicle

A
  1. Primary oocyte
  2. Inner layer of granulosa cells
  3. Outer layer of thecal cells
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31
Q

What phase does the antrum form in

A

Follicular phase

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32
Q

What does the antrum secrete

A

Estrogen

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33
Q

When the antrum forms and starts secreting estrogen it becomes sensitive to what hormone

A

FSH

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34
Q

When does the dominant follicle (Graafian follicle) form

A

When first meiotic division completes

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35
Q

Rapid growth of the dominant follicle is driving by what hormone

A

FSH

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36
Q

What is the dominant follicle largely composed of

A

Largely antrum, oocyte encased in zona pellucida

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37
Q

In order for the dominant follicle to development what must it have

A

Receptors for FSH

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38
Q

What occurs when follicular cells release enzymes that weaken the follicular wall

A

Ovulation

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39
Q

What hormone drives differentiation into corpus luteum

A

LH

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40
Q

Ovulation is enhanced by increased ___ receptors

A

LH

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41
Q

What 3 things facilitate ovulation

A
  1. Hyperemia
  2. Collagenease synthesis by thecal cells
  3. Prostaglandin release by ovary stimulate smooth muscle contraction
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42
Q

Rupture if the follicular wall signals the end of the ___ phase and beginning of the ___ phase

A

End of follicular phase and beginning of the luteal phase

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43
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce large amounts of

A

Steroids due to cholesterol storage

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44
Q

If no fertilization occurs at the corpus luteum phase what happens

A

Corpus albicans develops due to formation of fibrous tissue

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45
Q

If fertilization occurs what happens to corpus luteum

A

Uterus releases hormones to notify body that you are pregnant and corpus luteum lifespan increases and maintains pregnancy

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46
Q

What regulates spontaneous ovulations

A

Internal hormonal cycles

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47
Q

___signals the release of gonadotropins

A

Estrogen

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48
Q

Which species have complete separation of luteal and follicular phase and what does that result in

A

Primates, results in rapid decline in hormones resulting in menstruation

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49
Q

How many days is ovarian cycle in primates

A

28 days

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50
Q

What animals have follicular growth at the end of luteal phase and what does it result in

A

Cows and horses- why they don’t get menstrual cycles

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51
Q

How many days id the ovarian cycle for cows and horses

A

17-21

52
Q

What are induced ovulations

A

Animals that require copulation for ovulation

53
Q

___ replaces estrogen as the signal that releases gonadotropins for induced ovulators

A

Copulation

54
Q

What are some examples of induced ovulators

A

Rabbits, cats, and mustelids

55
Q

What hormone stimulates cholesterol desmolase in thecal cells of corpus luteum in luteal phase

A

LH

56
Q

FSH stimulates ___ in the granulosa cells

A

Aromatase

57
Q

Enzymes for ___ synthesis become active only during luteal phase

A

Progesterone synthesis

58
Q

What enzyme is used for progesterone synthesis

A

3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

59
Q

What hormone stimulates the thecal cells in the ovarian follicle

A

LH

60
Q

When thecal cells are stimulated they convert cholesterol to what

A

Androgen

61
Q

Androgen diffuses from the thecal cells into adjacent ___ cells

A

Granulosa

62
Q

What hormone stimulates granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle

A

FSH

63
Q

Upon stimulation of granulosa cells androgen is converted to ___

A

Estrogen

64
Q

Where are the two places estrogen can go after synthesized

A
  1. Part is secreted into the blood, where it exerts a systemic effect
  2. Part of the estrogen remains within the follicle and contributes to antral formation
65
Q

Local estrogen along with FSH stimulate proliferation of ___ cells

A

Granulosa

66
Q

How does the negative feedback work during the follicular phase

A

Increase estrogen and inhibin selectively inhibits FSH secretion

67
Q

What hormone secretion is gradually increased over the follicular stage

A

LH

68
Q

What hormone recruits follicles to become dominant

A

FSH

69
Q

The effect of estrogen changes from negative feedback to positive feedback leading to the ___ surge

A

LH

70
Q

___ of oocyte resumes under the influence of LH surge

A

Meiosis

71
Q

___ release breaks down the follicular wall

A

Prostaglandin

72
Q

Follicular cells with differentiate into ___ cells right before ovulation

A

Luteal

73
Q

What hormone has a strong negative feedback suppressing second LH surge during luteal phase

A

Progesterone

74
Q

What hormone causes regression of corpus luteum in cows, horses, goats, sheep and pigs at 14 days during absent of pregnancy

A

Prostaglandins (PGF2alpha)

75
Q

During pregnancy what hormone is inhibited in most domestic animals

A

PGF2alpha

76
Q

What hormone do primates release during pregnancy that rescues the corpus luteum

A

Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

77
Q

Describe the follicular phase and negative feedback

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH
  2. GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary
  3. Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH
  4. FSH act on ovary to release estradiol
  5. Negative feedback: estradiol inhibits anterior pituitary release of FSH and hypothalamus
78
Q

What hormone is responsible for negative feedback in follicular phase

A

Estradiol

79
Q

Where does estradiol act on in negative feedback in follicular phase

A

Anterior pituitary releasing FSH and hypothalamus

80
Q

Describe the midcycle positive feedback loop

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH onto anterior pituitary
  2. Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH which act on ovary
  3. Ovary releases estradiol
  4. Estradiol acts on hypothalamus to release GnRH and anterior pituitary to increase LH release from anterior pituitary and
81
Q

What is the negative feedback loop in the luteal phase

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH onto anterior pituitary
  2. Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH onto ovary
  3. Ovary releases progesterone
  4. Progesterone acts to inhibit release of GnRH from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to release LH
82
Q

What occurs during menstrual phase

A

Shedding of the previous endometrium (mostly a human trait because most species have an overlap between luteal and next follicular phase)

83
Q

What happens during proliferative phase

A

Endometrium regenerate

84
Q

What happens during secretory phase

A

Endometrium enriched with glycogen to nourish an incoming embryo before it implants into uterine wall

85
Q

What hormone is primarily released during basal layer

A

Estrogen

86
Q

What hormone is primarily released from secretory phase

A

Progesterone

87
Q

What hormones stimulate oocyte development and follicle growth

A

FSH and LH

88
Q

What hormone does FSH and LH promote release of in follicular and luteal changes in ovary

A

Estrogen

89
Q

When does LH burst occur

A

To trigger ovulation

90
Q

What hormone stimulates development and maintenance of corpus luteum

A

LH

91
Q

How are estrogen and progesterone levels during menstrual cycle

A

Low

92
Q

What hormone causes thickening of endometrium

A

Estrogen

93
Q

What hormone increases number of blood vessels and secretory glands in endometrium

A

Progesterone

94
Q

What phases does the ovarian cycle have

A

Follicular, ovulation, luteal phase

95
Q

What phases do uterine cycles have

A

Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase

96
Q

What is estrus

A

Time of sexual receptivity

97
Q

What occurs at end of estrus

A

ovulation

98
Q

Metestrus

A

Early post ovulators phase during which CL begins development

99
Q

What is diestrus

A

Phase of mature luteal activity which begins about 4 days after ovulation and ends with regression of CL

100
Q

Is there any reproductive receptivity in diestrus cycle

A

No!

101
Q

What hormone is present during diestrus

A

Progesterone

102
Q

Proestrus

A

Phase beginning after CL regression and ending with onset of estrus. Rapid follicle development leads to ovulation and onset of sexual receptivity

103
Q

In what estrous cycle do animals behaviorally start showing signs of going into estrus and could have fluid at vulva

A

Proestrus

104
Q

What are follicular waves

A

Simultaneous development of multiple follicles

105
Q

Which species have 1 dominant follicle while the remainder follicles become atretic

A

Cows, horses, human

106
Q

What species can select more than one dominant follicle but also have atretic ones

A

Dog, cat, sheep and goats

107
Q

What are the four stages of follicular waves

A
  1. Recruitment
  2. Selection
  3. Dominance
  4. Atresia
108
Q

How are follicles recruited

A

Primordial follicles release FSH- causing them to increase in size

109
Q

What happens during selection phase

A

Increase in size and receptors

110
Q

What happens during dominant stage of follicular wave

A

Lots of estrogen

111
Q

What happens during atresia follicular waves

A

CL producing progesterone

112
Q

How many follicular waves can cows have

A

4

113
Q

How many waves do heifer at puberty have

A

1

114
Q

How many waves do mature cow have after calving

A

1

115
Q

How many follicular waves do bos Taurus have

A

1-3

116
Q

How many follicular waves do Bo’s indicus have

A

1-4

117
Q

What causes pulsatile release of FSH during follicular waves

A

Decrease inhibin so not blocking FSH

118
Q

What generates follicular waves

A

FSH

119
Q

How is a single follicle selected

A

Dominant follicles are more sensitive to FSH because they have more FSH receptors and are selected

120
Q

___ is utilized to stimulate granulosa cell growth to increase aromatase activity, to synthesize inhibin and produce estradiol

A

FSH

121
Q

Inhibin blocks ___ synthesis and secretion

A

FSH

122
Q

What hormone is high and inhibits final development and ovulation

A

Progesterone

123
Q

If progesterone is low the dominant follicle can enter ___

A

Ovulation

124
Q

Estrus occurs during a period of high ___ released from mature follicles

A

Estrogen

125
Q

Mating induces ovulation via neural stimulation of ____ in induced ovulators

A

GnRH

126
Q

Maximum LH surge requires ___ copulations

A

8-12

127
Q

What are the steps in ovulation induced in the queen

A
  1. Stimulation of the vagina and cervix
  2. Neural signal to the hypothalamus
  3. GnRH release
  4. LH surge
  5. Ovulation

Physiology III (34 decks)

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