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Physiology III > Lecture 8: Lacation > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Lacation Flashcards

1
Q

what is puerperium

A

Period following parturition where the reproductive tract turns back to its non-pregnant state

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2
Q

During puerperium, myometrial contractions occur to do what?

A

Shrink the uterus (involution) and expel Lochia (blood, uterine lining, discharge)

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3
Q

What is the economic benefit of shortening the puerperium period in livestock

A

Increase frequency of breeding, increased pregnancy in dairy cows increases lifetime milk yield

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4
Q

What is the time required for uterine involution in a beef cow

A

30 days

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5
Q

What is the time required for resumption of ovarian activity in a beef cow

A

50-60 days

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6
Q

What is the time required for uterine involution in the bitch

A

90 days

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7
Q

What is the time required for resumption of ovarian activity in the bitch

A

150 days

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8
Q

What is the time required for uterine involution in the dairy cow

A

45-50 days

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9
Q

What is the time required for resumption of ovarian activity in the dairy cow

A

18-25 days

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10
Q

What is the time required for uterine involution in the mare

A

21-28 days

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11
Q

What is the time required for resumption of ovarian activity in the mare

A

5-12 days

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12
Q

What is the time required for uterine involution in the queen

A

30 days

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13
Q

What is the time required for resumption of ovarian activity in the queen

A

30 days

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14
Q

In dairy cows, calves are often removed within 24 hours, why?

A

Fewer oxytocin episodes that extend puerperium, avoids delayed involution that may delay reproduction

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15
Q

Is energy balance negative or positive in cows after parturition

A

Negative

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16
Q

To maximize milk production cows are usually bred at least every __ days

A

365 days

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17
Q

The first ovulation post partum occurs without any visible signs of estrus why?

A

Silent ovulations because have yet to produce progesterone and estrogen that will induce behavioral estrus

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18
Q

In some cows nursing may delay estrus, why?

A

Suckling feedback loop suppresses GnRH and LH therefore can’t induce estrus or ovulation

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19
Q

Describe changes from silent ovulation to first behavioral estrus

A
  1. After anestrus or pregnancy the ovary follicle develops without behavioral estrus (silent)
  2. CL produced from the ovulation follicle from silent ovulation secretes progesterone that “primes” the brain, no behavioral estrus
  3. Priming of the brain by progesterone enables estradiol secretion by next ovulatory follicle to elicit behavioral estrus
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20
Q

Mammary glands are ___glands

A

Sweat

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21
Q

What are mammary ridges

A

Occur as two lines of tissue that run centrally from the axial region to the inguinal region

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22
Q

What are primary mammary buds

A

Result of thickened epidermal tissue that penetrates into the dermis

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23
Q

What are secondary mammary buds

A

Occur as branching that further invades the dermis

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24
Q

What is canalization

A

Occurs when the duct system dorms with cells that have excretory capacity and myoepithelial cells that have contractile capability

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25
Q

At birth, mammary glands consist of ___ducts that open into a large canal that opens through teat or nipple

A

Lactiferous

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26
Q

What occurs during post natal growth of mammary glands

A

Isometric expansion in 1:1 ratio of mammary tissue with body growth, adds CT and fat

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27
Q

What occurs at puberty with mammary gland growth

A

Increased growth of fat and CT; expansion of lobular-alveolar growth of excretory tissue

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28
Q

What occurs at pregnancy with mammary gland growth

A

Further expansion of lobular alveolar growth of excretory tissue

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29
Q

Where do lobules empty into

A

Single milk duct

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30
Q

What are the milk secreting cells of the mammary gland

A

Parenchyma

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31
Q

What stimulates growth of mammary tissue during puberty

A

Estrogen, adrenal steroids, growth hormone

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32
Q

What stimulates early gestation growth of mammary tissue

A

Estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, growth hormone, adrenal steroids

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33
Q

What stimulates growth of mammary tissue late in gestation for milk secretion

A

Prolactin and adrenal steroids

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34
Q

Some species- cows and goats have ___that increase storage volume of the udder

A

Cisterns

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35
Q

Where is most milk stored in mammary tissue

A

Alveoli system

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36
Q

What is the mammary arrangement for the cow (location, # of teats, # of canals)

A

Quarters
Inguinal
4 teats
1 canal/cistern per teat

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37
Q

What is the mammary arrangement for the mare (location, # teats, # ducts)

A

Inguinal
2 teats
2 ducts per teat

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38
Q

What is the mammary arrangement for the bitch and queen (# teats, #ducts)

A

8 teats, 5-6 ducts/teat

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39
Q

What is lactogenesis

A

Series of cellular changes whereby mammary epithelial cells are converted from a non-secretory state ton a secretory state

40
Q

When does lactogenesis begin in cows

A

4 days before parturition

41
Q

What characterizes lactogenesis

A

Increase in lactose, total protein, immunoglobulins and decrease in sodium and chloride content

42
Q

What are the two stages of lactogenesis

A
  1. Prenatal cytologic and enzymatic differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells driven by estrogen and prolactin
  2. Postnatal secretion of milk components. Sudden withdrawal of progesterone at birth causes blood flow to mammary glands to increase
43
Q

What drives prenatal cytologic and enzymatic differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells

A

Estrogen and prolactin

44
Q

What hormone decreases at birth causing blood flow to mammary glands to increase

A

Progesterone

45
Q

What is galactopoeisis

A

Maintenance of lactation once lactation has been established, suckling initiates this series of events

46
Q

What is involution

A

Return to non-secretory state

47
Q

What two components contribute to the maintenance of lactation

A

Galactopoietic hormones and removal of accumulated milk

48
Q

What is the first milk

A

Colostrum

49
Q

What is colostrum rich in

A

Protein, fat, vit. A, Beta carotene, vit. E, thiamine, riboflavin

50
Q

Colostrum has lower amounts of what

A

Lactose and pantothenic acid (vit. B5)

51
Q

Colostrum provides ___immunity

A

Passive

52
Q

Immunoglobulin absorption is limited to the first ___hrs of life

A

24-36

53
Q

What hormone is important for the postresection adaptation response

A

IGF-1

54
Q

What glycoprotein has strong anti-microbial activity

A

Lactoferrin

55
Q

What causes the “cheese” color in colostrum

A

B-carotene

56
Q

Cheese color is a result of

A

Nutrition and species differences of B-carotene in their milk

57
Q

Yellow cheddar from what type of cows

A

Grass fed

58
Q

White cheddar from what type of cows

A

Grain fed

59
Q

White cheese is typically made from what animals due to lower ___

A

Sheep and goats due to lower carotenoids in milk

60
Q

What is the main energy component in milk

A

Fat

61
Q

What is required to breakdown Lactose

A

Lactase that converts it into glucose and galactose which are more absorbable

62
Q

What are the building blocks of milk synthesis

A

Fats, proteins, and lactose

63
Q

What are fats involved in milk synthesis composed of

A

Mono, di-triglycerides, FFA, phospholipids, steroids

64
Q

Where does fat accumulate in mammary tissue

A

Basal cytoplasm

65
Q

Where does fat move in the mammary tissue for milk synthesis

A

Apex where the droplet protrudes in alveolar lumen

66
Q

How is the fat droplet dispersed in mammary tissue

A

Cell membrane constricts about the base of the gat droplet to disperse the milk in small droplets surrounded by the cell membrane

67
Q

What are proteins involved in milk synthesis composed of

A

Casein, albumins, globulins

68
Q

Where are milk proteins synthesized

A

Endoplasmic reticulum of alveolar cells

69
Q

Where do casein molecules pass to in milk synthesis

A

Golgi apparatus

70
Q

How is casein released

A

Golgi vesicles fuse with cell membranes are are exocytosed

71
Q

What is lactose composed of

A

Disaccharide of galactose and glucose

72
Q

Glucose is converted to ___ in milk synthesis

A

Galactose

73
Q

Galactose is actively transported into __ during milk synthesis

A

Golgi lumen

74
Q

How does glucose pass across Golgi membrane into lumen

A

GLUT1

75
Q

What enzyme facilitates lactose synthase reaction

A

Lactose synthase

76
Q

What hormones immediately decline with birth of placenta

A

Estrogen and progesterone

77
Q

What hormone plays a role in milk synthesis and is activated immediately after birth of placenta

A

Prolactin

78
Q

What hormone is responsible for the inhibition of prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine

79
Q

What does suckling by the infant stimulate

A

Mechanoreceptors that synapse with neural circuits by two types of neurons excretory cells
- inhibit dopamine
- stimulate vasoactive intestinal peptide
- release prolactin

80
Q

Describe the steps/role of oxytocin in milk let down

A
  1. Suckling activates mechanoreceptors
  2. PVN releases oxytocin via posterior pituitary into blood
  3. Myoepithelial cells contract, OT causes contraction and moves milk into ducts and cistern
  4. Milk let down results
81
Q

What hormone acts to release milk

A

Oxytocin

82
Q

Describe the difference between oxytocin vs prolactin

A

Prolactin is responsible for milk synthesis/production

Oxytocin is responsible for contraction and milk let down

83
Q

How does neonates crying or smell impact oxytocin and prolactin

A

Increase

84
Q

How does psychological stress impact oxytocin and prolactin

A

Decrease

85
Q

What is milk fever

A

Result of high demand of Ca2+ in colostrum which results in hypocalcemia, reduced activity, depression, paralysis

86
Q

What is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium

A

PTH

87
Q

How does PTH hormone work to increase Ca2+ levels

A

Stimulates bone resorption

88
Q

What is the problem with PTH in milk fever

A

Slow

89
Q

Continuous milking maintains ___

A

Galactopoesis therefore increases milk production

90
Q

What is the result of insufficient removal of milk

A

Pressure atrophy, pressure on alveolar milk secreting cells inhibits galactopoesis resulting in involution

91
Q

What is active involution

A

1-2 days of increased pressure inhibits milk secretion, prolactin release still response to feedback

92
Q

What is steady state involution

A

Sustained period of inhibited milk synthesis that lasts until next birth, prolactin release is blocked

93
Q

Milk synthesis can be halted in ___days with loss of nursing

A

1-2 days

94
Q

What is mastitis

A

Inflammation of udder and mammary gland in response to infection with bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, algae

95
Q

How is mastitis transmitted

A

Contact with milking machine, dirty hands, bedding, insects

96
Q

What does mastitis lead to

A

Formation of non-functional CT in order to wall off infection

97
Q

When are/what time fram are cows at greatest risk of mastitis

A

Active involution and colostrogenesis

Physiology III (34 decks)

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