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Physiology III > Lecture 18: Introduction to GI Function and Regulation > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Introduction to GI Function and Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the GI System

A
  1. Convey nutrients, water and electrolytes
  2. Act as barrier between external and internal environment- protection and immune function
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2
Q

Besides ruminants what part of the GI does fermentation take place

A

Large intestines

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of the GI

A
  1. Motility
  2. Storage
  3. Secretion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
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4
Q

What type of motility and secretion does the esophagus utilize

A

Motility: peristalsis
Secretion: mucus

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5
Q

What type of motility and secretion does the stomach utilize

A

Motility: storage and mixing
Secretion: HCl and mucous

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6
Q

What type of motility and secretion does the small intestine utilize

A

Motility: segmentation and peristalsis
Secretion: mucous, bile, pancreatic juices

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7
Q

What type of motility and secretion does the large intestine utilize

A

Motility: peristalsis, mass movements, and defecation
Secretion: mucous

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8
Q

Why is the storage function of the stomach important

A

Need to give the duodenum time to further breakdown food

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9
Q

What is the function of the hyolingual apparatus

A

Generates a negative oral cavity pressure to facilitate suckling fluids in mammals

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10
Q

The anatomy of large intestines reflects adaptations to feeding habits, decrease the large intestines of cows vs horses

A

Horses have a very large cecum in order to promote hindgut fermentation, whereas ruminants have a large small intestines as they are foregut fermenters

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11
Q

Describe how cleft palate occurs and how it affects GI

A

Cleft palate forms from failure of lateral palatine processes to form during development. Leaves a hole between oropharynx and nasopharynx so suckling of milk causes it to come out the nose

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12
Q

What is atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Defect of the formation of the rectum to the anus

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13
Q

What is type I atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Congenital anal stenosis

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14
Q

What is type II atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Imperforate anus alone

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15
Q

What is type III atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Imperforate anus combined with more cranial termination of the rectum as a blind pouch

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16
Q

What is type IV atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Discontinuity of the proximal rectum with normal anal and terminal rectal development

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17
Q

What causes atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Inadequate blood flow during embryological development can cause atrophy

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18
Q

What is the order of layers of the intestine from inner to outer

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosa
  4. Subumucosa
  5. Subumucosal plexus
  6. Inner circular muscle
  7. Myenteric plexus
  8. Outer longitudinal muscle
  9. Serosa
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19
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the esophagus

A

Multilayered stratified squamous

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20
Q

What type of epithelium is present in stomach, small and large intestine

A

Single layer columnar

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21
Q

What part of the intestines has just crypts

A

Large intestine

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22
Q

What part of the intestines have crypts and villi

A

Small intestine

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23
Q

What is the function of crypts and villi

A

Increase absorptive surface area

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24
Q

Why is the advantage of constant epithelial renewal in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

A

Prevents accumulation of defects- mechanical, toxins, mutagenic

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25
What is the risk of constant epithelial renewal in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
Malignancy
26
Where do stem cells originate in stomach and intestines
Neck area of crypts
27
What do stem cells differentiate into
1. Goblet cells 2. Paneth cells 3. Enterocytes 4. Enteroendocrine cells
28
What are paneth cells
Immune cells that fight off bacteria, contain lysozymes
29
What is the intrinsic control of GI system
Enteric nervous system
30
What is the extrinsic control of GI system
SNS and PNS
31
Neurons of the ENS are located where
In between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of the myenteric plexus
32
What does the myenteric plexus innervate
Longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
33
What is the primary function of the myenteric plexus
Gut movement
34
What does the submucosal plexus innervate
Glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells, and submucosal blood vessels
35
What is the primary function of the submucosal plexus
Intestinal secretions
36
What type of receptors does the gut mucosa have
Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors
37
What type of receptors does the gut wall have
Mechanoreceptors
38
What are the target organs of the mucosa
Glands, enteroendocrine cells
39
What are the target organs of the gut wall
Muscle, blood vessels
40
Where are neurotransmitters released from ENS neurons
Axons and axon collaterals that contain varicosities
41
What is the advantage of varicosities
Activate a broader area around the axon vs focused at end of axon
42
What is the motor function of the ENS
Innervate muscles and sphincters causing contraction and relaxation
43
What is the sensory function of the ENS
Detect luminal pH, temperature, pressure
44
What do excitatory neurons of the GI do
Increase mucosal secretions and muscle contractions
45
What do inhibitory neurons of the GI do
Decrease mucosal secretions and muscle relaxation
46
What are the excitatory neurotransmitters
ACh and substance P
47
What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters
NO and VIP
48
What are the interstitial cells of cajal
Specialized smooth muscle cells that act as pacemaker cells to control contractile, electrical rhythm of the gut
49
ICC have a self-generating depolarizing rhythm that controls the electrical rhythm of the gut that creates oscillations in the membrane potential. These are known as ___
Slow waves
50
What sympathetic nerve primarily innervates the GI
Splanchnic
51
How does sympathetic innervation affect motility, sphincters and secretions
Decrease motility, increase sphincter contraction and decrease secretions
52
What parasympathetic nerve primarily innervates the GI
Vagus
53
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the gut on motility, sphincters and secretion
Increase motility, decrease sphincter contraction (promote relaxation) and increase secretions
54
Splanchnic afferent nerves carry information about ___
Gut dissension, noxious chemicals and inflammation
55
Are SNS efferents inhibitory or excitatory
Inhibitory
56
What NT does SNS use to decrease motility and glandular secretions
NE
57
PNS efferents are primarily inhibitory or excitatory
Excitatory
58
What NT does PNS use to increase gut blood flow, motility and glandular secretions
Acetylcholine
59
What is a vagotomy
Surgical operation to cut one or more branches of the vagus nerve to decrease rate of gastric secretion and motility
60
T or F: vagotomies can be performed in ruminants
False, will result in malfermentation
61
What cells are responsible for sensing gut content and releasing hormones and neuroactive substances
Enteroendocrine cells
62
What are the 5 main enteroendocrine cells of the stomach and small intestine
1. Gastric 2. Secretin 3. CCK 4. GIP 5. Motilin
63
What cells secrete gastrin
G cells
64
What cells secrete CCK
I cells
65
What cells secrete secretin
S cells
66
What cells secrete motilin
M cells
67
What cells secrete GIP
K cells
68
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of __ and __
Na+ and H20
69
What channel in the nephron does aldosterone use
ENaC
70
What do glucocorticoids do to Na/K ATPase
Increase activity
71
Aldosterone stimulates Na+ and H20 reabsorption in the colon, what other ion follows paracellularly
Cl-

Physiology III (34 decks)

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