Lecture 3 - Functional Neuroanatomy 2

Question 1

What are Schwann cells?

Answer 1

myelination cells of the Peripheral Nervous System, can guide axon regeneration

Question 2

Name 3 glial cells in the CNS.

Answer 2

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia

Question 3

What are Oligodendrocytes?

Answer 3

glial cells with extensions rich in myelin create myelin sheaths in the CNS

Question 4

What are Astrocytes?

Answer 4

Large star shaped glial cells that provide structural integrity and create the “blood-brain” barrier. Recently been found to regulate breathing.

Question 5

What are Microglia?

Answer 5

glial cells that respond to injury and disease (anti-inflamatory response), rapidly activate to stop pathogens and eliminates excess neurotransmitters

Question 6

Multiple Sclerosis is…

Answer 6

Acute, inflammatory autoimmune disease. Breakdown of myelination and exposure of axons

Question 7

Damage to the glial cells can show as…

Answer 7

Visual - blurred and double vision, nystagmus, ‘flashes’
Motor - weakness of muscles, slurred speech, muscle wastage, poor posture, tics
Sensory - numbness, tingling, pain
Coordination and balance
Cognitive - short- and long-term memory, forgetfulness, slowed recall

Question 8

What are gliomas?

Answer 8

a malignant tumour of the Glial tissue of the nervous system

gliomas, astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas

Question 9

3 traits of a sensory neuron.

Answer 9

Afferent
Tends to be unipolar.
Attaches to the dorsal of the spine.

Question 10

3 traits of a motor neuron.

Answer 10

Efferent
Tends to be multipolar
Attaches to the ventral of the spine.

Question 11

What is a interneurone?

Answer 11

relay neuron in the centre of the spinal cord. passes information from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.

Question 12

What do dendrites do?

Answer 12

collect information from a connecting neuron

Question 13

What, in a neuron, generate proteins?

Answer 13

Ribosomes

Question 14

In a neuron, what is responsible for energy release?

Answer 14

Mitochondria

Question 15

Describe Golgi Complex

Answer 15

Package proteins (ie. neurotransmitters) into vesicles for transport

Question 16

What is contained within synaptic vesicles?

Answer 16

Neurotransmitters (proteins)

Question 17

What are microtubules?

Answer 17

pathway used to transport neurotransmitters down the axon

Question 18

What does myellin do?

Answer 18

protect the axon and promote transmission down the axon

Question 19

What collects the neurotransmitters, in the vesicles, while they await release?

Answer 19

Terminal Buttons

Question 20

Alzheimer’s diagnosis is associated with…

Answer 20

poor new learning
changed personality
language deficits

Question 21

What does the external surface of the brain look like in an individual with Alzheimer’s Dementia?

Answer 21

Neuronal death, widening sulci and narrowed gyri mostly over the frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 22

What are amyloid plaques?

Answer 22

Cellular trash

clumps of beta-amyloids, which destroy connections between nerve cells

Question 23

What are two possible causes of dementia?

Answer 23

amyloid plaques and tangles

Question 24

What are the 3 phases of neuronal communiction?

Answer 24

Collection and integration of signal
transmission of the signal along the axon
transmission of signal from the axon terminals

Question 25

When a cell is at resting potential it is said to be.....

Answer 25

polarised | -70mV

Question 26

What are the three parts of a synapse?

Answer 26

Presynaptic terminal Junction/gap Postsynaptic terminal

Question 27

Axodendritic

Answer 27

axon terminal buttons on dendrites

Question 28

Axosomatic

Answer 28

axon terminal buttons on soma/cell body

Question 29

Dendritic spines

Answer 29

axon terminal buttons on spines of dendrites

Question 30

Dendrodendritic

Answer 30

dendrite to dendrite, and often bidirectional transmission

Question 31

Axoaxonic

Answer 31

can mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibition of that button on the post synaptic neurone

Question 32

What are the 2 most common types of synapses?

Answer 32

Axodendritic and Axosomatic

Question 33

What are the small molecules called responsible for neurotransmission?

Answer 33

Neurotransmitters

Question 34

What are the large molecules called responsible for neurotransmission?

Answer 34

Neuropeptides

Question 35

4 examples of Neurotransmitters

Answer 35

Glutamate, GABA, Acetylcholine, norepinephrine

Question 36

2 examples of Neuropeptides

Answer 36

Substance P, Endorphins

Question 37

What are the 3 classes of neurotransmitters?

Answer 37

Amino acids Monamines Acetylcholine

Question 38

Building blocks of protiens

Answer 38

Amino Acids

Question 39

Synthesised from a single amino acid

Answer 39

monoamines

Question 40

ACh

Answer 40

Acetylcholine

Question 41

Most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 41

Glutamate

Question 42

Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 42

GABA

Question 43

Name 2 types of Monoamines

Answer 43

Catecholamines and indolamines

Question 44

Examples of Catecholamines

Answer 44

dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine

Question 45

Examples of Indolamines

Answer 45

Serotonin | Melatonin

Question 46

What is the term for a substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor?

Answer 46

Agonist

Question 47

What is the term for a substance which interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another?

Answer 47

Antagonist

Question 48

Function of Acetylcholine

Answer 48

It causes the contraction of skeletal muscles and activates glandular functions in the endocrine system

Question 49

Release of a neurotransmitter

Answer 49

exocytosis

Question 50

What are the 2 types of receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

Answer 50

Ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors

Question 51

Name a catecholamine agonist.

Answer 51

Cocaine | Blocks reuptake – preventing the activity of the neurotransmitter from being “turned off”

Question 52

Name a GABA agonist

Answer 52

Benzodiazepines | Binds to the GABA molecule and increases the binding of GABA

Question 53

Name a ACh agonist

Answer 53

``` Physostigmine inhibits Acetylcholinestrase (Ache), which breaks down Ach ```

Question 54

Name 2 ACh antagonists

Answer 54

Atrpopine Binds and blocks muscarinic receptors Many of these metabotropic receptors are in the brain High doses disrupt memory Curare Bind and blocks nicotinic receptors, the ionotropic receptors at the neuromuscular junction Causes paralysis Treated with physostigmine

Question 55

Agonist drug that increase synthesis of dopamine

Answer 55

L-dopa

Question 56

Agonist drug the increases the release of ACh

Answer 56

Black widow spider venom

Question 57

Agonist drug that stimulates ACh receptors

Answer 57

Nicotine

Question 58

Agonist drugs that block the reuptake of dopamine

Answer 58

Amphetamines, cocaine, methyphenidate

Question 59

Antagonist drug inhibits the synthesis of serotonin

Answer 59

PCPA

Question 60

Antagonist drug that prevents storage of monoamines in vesicles

Answer 60

Reserpine

Question 61

Antagonist drug that blocks release of ACh

Answer 61

Botulinum toxin (BoTox)

Question 62

Antagonist drug that stimulates dopamines autoreceptors and inhibits the release of dopamine

Answer 62

Apomorphine

Question 63

Antagonist drug that blocks postsynaptic ACh receptors

Answer 63

Curare

Question 64

Disorder which destroys Ach

Answer 64

Myathenia Gravis