Lecture 3 - History of Americas Flashcards
(26 cards)
Neo-colonalism
the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.
= Independence in LA; revolution or contintuation
= Power vakuum (US + UK)
= Liberal ideas affect; countries ending up ruined, chaos
Liberalism
- Main emerging ideology
- Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy that emphasizes individual freedoms, equality, democracy, and the protection of civil rights, often advocating for limited government and free markets
- change and progress
- A view that Europeean countries abow others
- Modernisation of state
- Private property
- less church
Key Points for the growing dependence on export 1830-1850
- Context of economic liberalism
- In west: growing population, industralisation,
- Need for raw materials, ex UK didn’t have much lands
- Countries in LA: vulnerable to the global market
Banana-industry (EX with North Honduras)
- production and consumption of bananas, emphasizing their historical, ecological, and cultural transformations
- The becoming a symbol for mass consumer culture, a process from; exotic novelties –> dominant commoditites
- EX company: United fruit
- Important role of: Agricultural modernization practices; systematic planning, irrigation, disease control
- United fruit’s dominance in consolidation of: land - railroads - markets control –> shaping policitcal and economic histories –> Banana republic
- the introduction positions bananas as a nexus where environmental change, economic development, cultural symbolism (Soluri, J. 2005)
Some examples on commodities on the gloabl market 1880-1930 + in which countries
Banana = stock market
Guano = Peru
Rubber = Brazil, boom then sudden declin
Nitrates = Chile
Coffee, fruit = Brazil
Sugar (bigger industralisation, bigger investments) = Caribbean, Brazil (earlier)
Wheat, grains = Uruguay, Southern Brazil
Mining (bigger industralisation, bigger investments)
Minerals, Ores = Mexico
US VS UK
- Different
- UK: as an extension of land
- US biggest major consumer
Mexico: The North American invasion - timeline?
Context: US settlers in Northern areas, many of them more connected to the US, role of marriage between mexicans and US citizens: planned marriages
1845 = US annexes Texas
1848 = Treaty of Guadalupe
- General Lopez de Santa Anna
- French occupation
- In conclusion: 13 mexican territories lost to US
What is the big stick Policy and Monroe Dictrine?
- Manifest destiny
- earlier: 1823 = Monroe Dictrine (foreign policy, declared Americas off-limits for European colonalization)
1904 = Roosevelt Coroally: interest in LA
“Our interests and those of our southern neighbors are in reality identical. They have
great natural riches, and if within their borders the reign of law and justice obtains, prosperity is sure to come to them”
“negotiate peacefully, but back it up with military power”
Key points; Panama-canal?
- Competition between US - French - British companies
- Lucrative business to have control over
- Faster connestion to Cali esp. important for
1889 = First attempt in Nicaragua, by french: is abandonned
1902 - 1903 = US company takes over
1914 = Treaty US control over the canal
1977 = Canal open
1999 = Panama gets it back
(still relevant today)
Who’s a main person when talking about Anti-imperalism?
= Jose Marti
“But our América may also face another danger, which
does not come from within it, but from the differing
origins, methods, and interests of the continent’s two
factions. …Therefore, the urgent duty of our América is
to show herself as she is, united in soul and intent, fast
overcoming the crushing weight of her past, and stained
only with the fertilizing blood shed by hands that do
battle against ruins, or by veins opened by our former
masters. The disdain of the formidable neighbor who
does not know her is the greatest danger that faces our
América. It is urgent —for the day of the visit draws
close—that her neighbor come to know her”
What is Cono sur?
= Southern cone
= Argentina, Chile, Uruguay
= could be southern Brazil aswell
Southern cone and immigration?
- Mainly European immigration
- Most immigration to this part
Southern cone and etnical cleansing?
= Yes, came with settler colonalism
= goal of “whiten” the population
= goal expanding labour supply
Asian Migration?
= important
= A lot of south asians to the Caribbean
= To brazil
= Chinese forced labour migration; starting companies, intermarriage in urban areas
= Japanese migration to Peru and Brazil; in the beginning forced, but got more free, creation av strongly homogenous groups
= Cultural transmigration
Urban Migration?
Southern cone = popular
New urban popular culture = with the help of immigratns
Urban renewal and sanitation projets = get the poor out, make the city for the rich, remodel
Give two examples of a city that expanded due to this urban migration, remodeling etc?
- Buenos Aires
- Rio de Janeiro
Name some of the contradictions that came with Liberalism
- Urbanization = the majority still lived in rural zones
- Technology = still heavily depending on export
- Order and progress = Still Oligark rule, clientilism
- Ideal of rationality and stability = positivism, scientific racism
- Modernization = Inequality, ex looking at urban/rural areas, but also countries/international forces
What was the start of the mexican revolution?
- The porfiriato (1876-1911)
- President Porfirio Diaz : Dictator, been a leader over 30 years, corruption, modernisation politics, US influences
- Generalized discontent
- Demands higher for social change
- A political dispyt
- Issues of landownership and struggles over land reforms
- Highly dependent on foreign investment, Diaz claimed to modernize the country (partly he did) but manly all the profits got to foreign investors
- Exploative conditions for Mexican workers
How did the situation escalate from being a political dispyt into…
1909-1911 = Presidential candidate Madero supported by the; “Constitucionalistas”: Pascual Orozco (North), Pancho Villa (North), Emiliano Zapata (South)
=Supporters turn against Madero
+ US backed coup
1913 = Assissination of Madero
= Conservatives Carranza and Obregon join: Constitutionalistas
1914 = US interference: support Carranza
1915 - 1916 = Strike waves
“Constitucionalistas”?
- major faction during mexican revolution
- central role in defeating the Mexican Federal Army
- they drafted the consitution
Pascual Orozco (North), Pancho Villa (North), Emiliano Zapata (South)
1917 Constitution during Mexican revolution
= Carranza president
= Article 3; Secularization
= Article 27; Land reform
= Article 123; Labour reform
What happened after Carranza was elected president?
Military coup 1920
Alvaro Obregon
Give some key points from the Aftermath of the Mexican revolution?
- 1934-1940 first ‘real’ reforms under President Lázaro Cárdenas
- women had no right to vote until 1954
- 929-2000 continuous rule Partido
- Revolucionario Institucional
- 1990s: NAFTA dismantles Constitution >< Zapatistas
Monoculture
- A system that was used in most Latin American countries
- Focus on 1 or 2 main crops
- pulled Latin America away from self-sufficiency and internal stability toward an economic model based on capital infusion from the outside and dependence on fluctuating international demand
