Lecture 5 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What characterized the context of the uprising of the revolution in Cuba
→ Spanish colony
→ One of the last countries to gain impedance
→ 1868-1898: cuban war of independence
→ US intervenes, influence, neo-kolonisering, stop reformist movement
→ Sugar production (beroende av US därav)
→ 1940 : constitutional reform
→ 1952 : election stolen by Fulgencio Batista (help by US), liten elit, ojämlikheter i landet osv
What happened on the 26th of July 1953 on Cuba?
- 26 juli 1953 → Attack av Fidel Castro (över medelklass, genomför planer för revolutionen),
- on the Moncada barracks
- attacken misslyckades
- Trial agaisnt Castro is held
- He is later sent to exile in mexico = 1953-1956
What did Castros famous speech during his trial consist of?
- return power to people - proclaims a democratic form.. men… the revolution would have total power..
- Ownership of land - till alla kubaner…“to all tenant
and subtenant farmers, lessees, share croppers and
squatters who hold parcels of five caballerías of land or less, and the State would indemnify the former owners on the basis of the rental which they would have received for theseparcels over a period of ten years.” - Economic reform - benefit the sugar planter
…“granted workers and employees the right to share 30% of the profits of all the large industrial, mercantile and mining enterprises, including the sugar mills…” - “The fourth revolutionary law would have granted all sugar planters the right to share 55% of sugar
production and a minimum quota of forty thousand
arrobas for all small tenant farmers who have been
established for three years or more - Hur detta ska finansieras, confiscation of all holding of those who committed frauds. With special courts, give back what belongs to the Cuban people,
“…Half of the property recovered would be used to subsidize
retirement funds for workers and the other half would be used for hospitals, asylums and charitable organizations…..”
- betonas dessutom: solidarity with the democratic people of this continent, everyone can find asylum,
- “Condemn me. It does not matter. History will absolve me.
How does the revolution in Cuba continue after Castro is sent into exile?
= 26 of july movement re-groups during exile → = Batista säger att Fadro är död, propaganda osv
= 1956 → International revolutionaries join re-enter = Cuba → Start av Gerillakrig
= Batista inte lika populär i US
= 1959 → Batista flees the country → Revolutionen har vunnit med Castro
Who was Batista?
Fulgencio Batista was the military dictator of Cuba during the Cuban Revolution. He first rose to power in the 1930s through a military coup and served as president from 1940 to 1944. After a period in exile, Batista returned and seized power again in a 1952 coup, suspending the constitution and ruling as an authoritarian leader until 1959
Did US break diplomatix connections in 1961 after the revolution?
Yes, first they recognized the revolution - then broke of
What was the Invasion of Bay Pigs?
del av kalla kriget - mot det nya styret i Kuba - misslyckat försök att attackera Kuba med Cuban exiles
What was the Cuban Missile crisis?
- Kuba behövde hitta ny internationella allierade efter uppbrottet med US, vände sig mot Sovjet/USSR, missiler placeras på Kuba, Kuba blir involverade i kalla kriget → ett telefonsamtal löser detta → Men Kuba is expelled from OAS (organisation of american states) → Kuba står nu själv → Mer sök hos Sovjet och på internationell nivå → Kuba framstod som lenin/marxistisk stat → inte den ursprungliga idén av Castro (han var mer inspirerad av Marti)
Who was the only country in Central and Latin America that still had connection after the revolution? (around that period)
Mexico
- They were closer to each other
- Mexico being more independent than other Latin American countries at the time
- but fell into at bureaucracy, with influences of social injustices
Who was Ernesto “Che” Guevara?
an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, and guerrilla leader who became a central figure in the Cuban Revolution and a global symbol of rebellion
- from Argentina
Timeline:
1952 → Trip with Alberto Korda
1953 → Trip to Guatemala - radiakisering
- Ideologi: collective moral incentives
- Guerilla warfare strategy → Focoismo
- 1960s - experiments in Congo and Bolivia
- blev arresterad i Bolivia 1966, dödad. → Gan han heligt rykte
- Spech infront of UN (har antecknat i andra dokumentet)
Two important impacts on the revolution in Cuba?
- Education and security for all established
- No political freedom, ruled by communist party (still today)
Present important themes of Cuba in the 21st century
Efter finansiell kollaps: Kubanska ekonomiska systemet behöver göras om = when Sovjet fell: 75% of import fell
, idag t.ex turism viktigt, hitta utländska investerare, går lite emot grundidéen av vad den nya staten skulle vara.
Brist på varor osv, mat
2008 → Raul Castro tar över makten
2018 → Miguel Diaz Canel tar över makten (vald av eliten)
Internationellt: lite förändring under Obama-regeringen → lifted the travel ban.
2013: → Commercial embargo borta
2014 : → Reconciliation (försoning) US och Kuba, slutet på cold war policy
→ Setbacks under Trump (restored under Biden)
→ Borta igen med nya Trump-administrationen
Protester mot regimen förekommer idag, Covid svår prövning, kom snabbt iom mycket turister i landet, vaccinerade fort,
What does “special period in peacetime” stand for?
- Context Cuba
- 1990 - kollaps av Sovjet → Det kubanska systemet kollapsar → export/import → Special period in peacetime (inte krig, men svår tid för invånarna)
- lost 75% of import
Give som examples on Cold war politics?
= 1951 - mutual security act → promote military → civilian rule
= Military assistance program: MAP
= 1946: School of the americas
→ Under detta kom:
Operation Condor - militar allians mellan diktaturer - Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil → Installing military government to maintain political order and economic stability
= US had a big affect on the area; ensuring anti-communist, pro-us agenda –> Military coups as a tool, ex in Brazil; by US
What was the background that led to the Military dictatorship in Argentina 1976-1983?
- Urban Guerilla warfare - 1955-1976
- 1955-1973 – Peron in exile, military rule, kaos, deflation
- Nedåtgående spiral → foreign debt → inflation → more debt → more inflation
- Guerilla movements: Montoneros (1964), ERP (1969)
1973 → Peron win election → comes back from exile → Ezeiza massacre (på flygplats, när Peron kommer tillbaka) → Startar ett krig mellan right and left wing peronists. AAA = right wing → öppnade eld mot folket → mot Montoneros.
Perón rör sig mot right wing → blir också hans instrument för att kontrollera befolkningen. Senare dör Perón i cancer → Isabell Perón tar över (men AAA är dem som styr egentligen) → mer militär influence
= leads to Military Coup by Jorge Videla –> El Proseco
What did Jorge Videla want to implement in Argentina, under his militator ship?
- War against subversion
- National re-organization process (Peronism förbjudet)
- Neo-liberal reform (supported by US + IMF (som ger lån till landet), sämre löner: trend i hela Latinamerika, mer utländska investeringar, investeringar i militären, dyrare att leva för det vanliga folket)
What characterized the Military dictatorship in Argentina 1976-1983?
- State terror
- 300.000 victims: arrested, tortured, dissapeared
- 800.000 left the country
How did the military junta in Argentina end?
= Unpopular international image due to human rights violations
= Failure of the 1982 Falkland war, försök att ta från UK, auktoriteten minskar
1983 → Val, Raul Alfonsin - vinner valet, tar ansvar och försöker stabilisera
1989 → Carlos Menem - vinner valet, corruption, hyperinflation
Are there current victim activism in Argentina (post military junta)?
- Yes
- Parents from the people that got killed or dissapeared
- Identification through DNA
- Weekly marches: “Abuelas de la plaza mayo” : seeking their children,
- HIJOS : Children of the dissapeared
What is Argentina’s current president saying about the military junta?
- His administration has ordered the declassification of Armed Forces and intelligence files from the dictatorship era, presenting this move as a commitment to transparency and “complete memory
- His administration has promoted the idea that the violence of the era should be seen as a “civil war” between the state and left-wing guerrillas, rather than as one-sided state terrorism
- This reframing is accompanied by criticism of human rights organizations and remembrance sites,
What is the shining path?
- Peru
- Maoist splinter group of Communist Party 60s-70s
- Abimael Guzmán’s ‘Gonzalo thought’ (universities and ‘popular schools’)
- Revolution ‘from the countryside to
the city’ - 1980: start armed struggle in Chuschi, Ayacucho –> First major action
- Strategy = employed guerilla warfare, terrorism
- Aim = creating a peasant led communist revolution in Peru
What are they key points for the internal armed conflict in Peru 1980-1990
- Shining path
- 1982 och framåt: violent counter-insurgency by the peruvian army, torture, enforced disappearance, sexual violence, massacres
- folk blir kidnappade om man trodde de va från shining path
- ursprungsbefolkningen drabbade (för att de ska vara en del av shining path)
- våld från båda sidor
- Victims activism: ANFASEP - för att hitta sina barn
- Aktörer: MRTA (en annan grupp, inte maoist, marxistisk endast, fokus på de urbana områden)
- peasant self defense committees - organisera sig mot våldet från shining path och från armen,
What is Albert Fujimori’s role in the internal armed conflict in Peru
- blir vald som outsider till ledare, populist, blir vald demokratisk - 1990
- men genomför en auto-coup - upplöser parlamentet - 1992
- widespread human rights violations, ex Grupo Colina (specialistgrupp inom polisen,hög korruption)
- Fujimori fled to Japan in 2000: bc human rights violations
- In the end of the conflict!
What are the key points for end of the conflict in Peru?
- Abimael Guzman gets captured 1992
- Died in prison 2021
- Fujimori regime fall 2000 (legacies of fujimorismo still there - authoritarity, neoliberal, social conservation etc, influence in congress = bc they stopped shining path even if it included human rights violations)
- Shining path = criminal group today
