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Bio Psych > Lecture 3 - Nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Define Dosal

A

to the back, top of skull

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2
Q

Define Ventral

A

To the belly, bottom of the skull

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3
Q

Define Rostral/ anterior

A

Towards head/eyes

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4
Q

Define Caudal/ Posterior

A

Towards tail/ feet (in humans)

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5
Q

Define lateral

A

Away from middle of body - to sides of body

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6
Q

Define medial

A

Towards the middle

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7
Q

Neuraxis

A

Central axis of nervous system - line going down the body

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8
Q

What are the two references to the neuroaxis

A

Ipsilateral - on same side, left arm is ipsilateral to left leg

Contralateral - on oppsoite side - e.g hempispheres control oppositie sides of body

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9
Q

Define coronal sections

A

Parallel to forehead

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10
Q

Define Axial (Transverse) sections

A

Parrellel to ground

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11
Q

Define Saggital

A

Perpendicular to ground, parralel to neuraxis - side on

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12
Q

What are the 3 regions of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Prefrontal cortex
  2. Primary Motor cortex
  3. Motor association cortex
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13
Q

Define the PFC

A

Very Front bit of frontal lobe

- complex cognitivie behaviours, e.g. executive functioning (planning etc), personality

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14
Q

Define the primary motor cortex

A

Movement activates msucles via motor neurons

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15
Q

Define the motor association cortex

A

Intiation of movement

- includes pre-motor cortex and supplementary motor cortex

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16
Q

What year was Phineas Gage and what did it tell us?

A

1848 - that personality traits are in pfc

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17
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of brain - responsible for many higher order functions

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18
Q

What is the surface of the cerebreal cortex englarged by?

A
  • Gyrus (bulges)
  • Sulcus (small grooves)
  • Fissure (large prominent grooves)
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19
Q

What are the 2 layres of the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer = grey matter
- cell odies, dendrites, glia

Inner layer - white matter
- myelinated axons - permits communication between areas of the brain

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20
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

A
  • Forebrain
  • Mid brain
  • Hind brain
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21
Q

What does the forebraiin include?

A

Cerebral Hemisphere, thalamus, hypothalaums, pituitaray, telencephalon and diencephalon

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22
Q

What does the midbrain include?

A

Part of brain stem

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23
Q

What does the hindbrain include?

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation

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24
Q

What is there none of in cns?

A

Nerves - instead neuron axons form pathways/tracts

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25
Where are the temporal lobes?
- at side of your heads
26
What is the temporal lobes associated with?
Auditory processing, vision perception, speech
27
What can damage do to temporal lobes?
LTM issues, issues with auditory and visual perception
28
Where are the parietal lobes?
top of head, behind frontal lobes
29
What does the parietal lobe include
primary somatosensory cortex - touch, sensation, pain pressure etc - sensory analysis, communication, motor coordination and appropriateness
30
What does damage to Pareital lobe cause?
Agnosia - cant recognise shapes Apraxia - cant perform movement tasks Aphasia - cant speak, read or write
31
Where is occipital lobe
at beack of head
32
what does occipital lobe include?
Primary visual cortex and visual association cortex | - vision - colour, motion, visual info
33
What does damage to occipital lobe do?
Loss of vision, hallucinations, disorted vision
34
Where is midbrain?
at top of brain stem
35
What is function of midbrain
relay station, all info entering/ leaving brain goes through this important for audition, vision, motor function
36
What can damge to?
Damage to reticular formation can cause unconciousness/coma
37
What is the diencephalon?
one of 2 major divisions in forebrain, relatys sensory info and controls many automatic functions of pns - connects enodcrine system to ns, involved in emotions and memories alongside limbic system - includes thalamus and hypothalamus
38
What are the 2 systems in the telencephalon?
Basal ganglia and limbic system
39
Outline the basal ganglia
``` A group of nuclei (neurons with same function) - Important for control of movement. Includes: - caudate nuclues - globus pallidus - putamen ```
40
What can damage to basal ganglia do?
Dysinkesia - involuntary movement | Parkinsons - motor neuron disease, poor stance/ initiating movement
41
Outline the limbis system
Involved with emotion and memory, works through emotion and memory
42
What does limibc system include?
- Limbic cortex (cingulate gyrus) - regulating and creating emotions - Amygdala (temporal lobe) - fear and emotion, risk and gambling - Anterior Thalamic nuclei - in diencephalon, temporal lobe - PLUS interconnected fiber bundles - e.g. fornix/ mammillary bodies
43
What are the 3 ares of the hindbrain?
1. Cerebellum 2. Pons 3. Medulla
44
Outline the cerebellum
in the hindbrain, 2 hemsipheres behind brain stem - Connceted to stem via cerebellar penduncles - Important in motor control: • co-ordination, precisiong and timing of movements - smooth walking • learning motor skills • some reflexes
45
What can damage to cerebellum do?
cause jerky, poorly co-ordinated exaggerated movement | - e.g. Ataxia - problems balance, swallowing, vision, speaking, writing, eating and walking (especially tandem)
46
Outline the pons
Middle part of brainstem - Conveys movement info from cortex to cerebellum - controls sleep and arousal (reticular formation)
47
What can damage to pons do?
Impaired co-ordination or movement/ posture - cant stay upright - difficulties with sleep/arousal
48
Outline the medulla
Lowest part of brain stem, continuous with spinal cord - includes part of reticular formation - has a role in automatic functions • breathing, • heart rate/ blood pressure, •involuntary functions like swallowing
49
Damage to medulla can cause?
Death, compromised vital functions
50
Outline the ventricles
4 hollow, interconnceted cavities, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (plasma + other things) - allos brain to float and not put pressure on base of brain - could damage it - also serves as a buffer to damage - Can deteroriate over time - e.g. dementia
51
What are the names of the ventricles?
1st & 2nd ventricles = lateral ventricles 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle
52
What are teh functions of CSF?
1) protection - buffer between brain and skulls 2) buoyancy - reduces pressure on base of skull 3) waste removal - harmful chemicals/ toxins - as its constantly being replenished 4) Transport - hormons throught brain - circulating substance
53
Define the spinal cord
Part of cns, protected by vertebratal column | - mediates info transmission between brain and body below neck
54
What are the 3 major functions of spinal cord?
1. Conduit for sensory info - info from env travels up spinal cord to brain 2. Conduit for motor info - travels down to periphery 3. Co-ordinatinng certain reflexes
55
Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord
``` Opposite to cerebral cortex, spine has: - GREY MATTER CORE • interneurons, axons of afferent neurons, cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons, and glial cells - WHITE MATTER SURROUND •myelinated axons ```
56
Define nerves
Neuron axons grouped into bundles - like a cable of loads of wires - neurons with axons in the pns - Ganglian = group of neuron cell bodies (plural ganglia)
57
How many pairs of nerves are there in body?
31 pairs of spinal nerves | 12 pairs of cranial nerves
58
What does the PNS connect CNS to?
Limbs and organs via spanial/ cranial nerves. Receptors receive info from environment, not just on surface of body tho - e.g. stomach lining etc
59
Outline spinal nerves
31 pairs | - each pair is associated with particular segment of spinal cord.
60
What are the veterbratal levels spinal nerves are named after?
``` • Cervical (neck, shoulders, arms, hands) - 8 pairs • Thoracic (mid-back , chest, ribs, abs) - 12 pairs • Lumbar (lower back, hips, legs) - 5 pairs • Sacral (genitals) - 5 pairs • Coccygeal (coccyx) - 1 pair ```
61
Outline the cranial nerves
12 pairs that mediate info between brain and body above neck - nose tounge eyes etc - 11/12 pairs responsibile for this stuff - named after their function, e.g. olfactory - other 1 = VAGUS NERVE
62
Outline the Vagus nerve
innervates internal organs in torso, connects to brain stem - e.g. gut, pancreas, liver etc
63
Define the Autonomic NS
All neurons that innervate tissue other than skeletal muscle, controls involuntary functions, e.g. breathing Efferent N's control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands Afferent N's carry info from internal organs to CNS, not from muscles
64
What are the 3 branches of Autonomic NS
Sympathetic parasympathetic Enteric - digestive tract
65
Outline Somatic NS
Voluntary control of all body moement via skeletal muscles - purposeful and intended. Receives sensory info and controls spinal nerves that innervate skin, joints and muscles All nerve fibers going from cns to muscles, are in somatic NS Afferent carry info from PNS to spine and vice versa

Bio Psych (11 decks)

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