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Bio Psych > Lecture 9 - Regulation > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Regulation Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the absoprtive phase

A
  • excess of Glucose and amino acids is stored
  • as glucose in blood increases, PNS is activated
  • Physiological changes occur, including bile released to digest lipids and gastro-intestinal system is no longer inhibited by sns
  • more insulated secreted by pancrease for glucose uptake in cells (not brain cells)
  • insulin move glucose from blood -> cells
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2
Q

What is the principle sources of energy?

A

glucose and amino acids

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3
Q

What does too much glucose do?

A

Make blood syrupy, doesnt work, need optimal level (diabetes)

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4
Q

How is food stored short term?

A

Glucose is stored as glycogen (carb) stored in muscles and liver, to convert later back to glucose (fuel for brain(

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5
Q

how is food intake stored long term?

A

Fat = tyrigylceride = glycerol (carb) + fatty acids

- stored under skin/ around organs - harmful

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6
Q

What are the environmental cues to satiety

A
  1. Clock/ schedules (learned)
  2. Smells/ sight/ taste
    - anticipations of food lowers glucose in blood - low glucose levels make you hungry
  3. Size of meal/ fat content - small portions = nicer, if distracted by others/ tv you eat more
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7
Q

What are body areas give cues to feeding/ satiety?

A
  1. Intenstines give sinals to brain via CCK and PYY chemicals
  2. Liver + panrease (insulin) feedback to hypothalamus
  3. Adipose tissue growth produces LEPTIN - tells brain to stop eating
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8
Q

How does brain receive info about fullness?

A

Body parts send signals to
• Lateral hypothalamus (NPY)
• Arcuate nuclueus hypothalamus (Leptin goes here)
- when receiving leptin, this area produces NEUROPEPTIDE Y

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9
Q

What does neuropeptide y do?

A

Regulates feeding, starting feeding, its under control from Leptin and ventromedial nuclues in hypothalamus

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10
Q

Outline Ventromedal Nucleus

A

In the hypothalamus, regualted feeding via NPY

When lesioned in a rat, they couldnt stop eating. But it isnt just the VMN that controls eating, its loads of things

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11
Q

Outline how starvation occurs

A

SNS is activated as glucose levels drop too much in blood, due to:
• Adrenal medulla (adrenaline - feel jittery)
• ADipose tissue (break down fats)
• Pancrease (stops secreting insulin, now secretes glucagon, using glycogen stores from liver and muscles to make energy)

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12
Q

What are the resaons that people over eat?

A

• Leptin deficiency/ faulty leptin receptors
- Doenst cause obesity tho

• Genetic differences
- Maybe afircan americans passed on very slow metabolisms

• learning from parents/ evolution

  • capitalise on high salt/sugar/ fat foods when we can
  • learn portions, less excercise, grazing/ snacking

•Serotonin

  • can help suppress eating and lose weight
  • can help against bulimia, not anorexia
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13
Q

What are the anatomical differences in men and womans brains?

A

Women have:

  • Slighlty smaller brains
  • Thicker corpus callosum
  • Share function hemispheres
  • Slight difference in diencephalon/ telencephalon
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14
Q

What are the two categories of the role of sex hormones?

A
  1. Organisational effects

2. Activational effects

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15
Q

Outline organisational effects

A
  • Prenatal: genetics -> sex organs -> hormones
    • determines which system we follow
  • permanant, influence brain and sex organ development
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16
Q

Outline activational effects

A
  • occur later in life, after development of sex organs

- e.g. puberty or menopause

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of sex organs

A
  1. Gonads
    - 1st to develop - via genetics
  2. Internal sex organs
    - precursers for male and female internal organs are present in embryo, default = girl
  3. external genitalia
    - visibile sex organs, masculine development requires androgens
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18
Q

what sex chromosomes does each gender have?

Study These Flashcards
A

XX = male
XY = female
Determine different development of brain and gonads (organisational effect)

19
Q

Outline the hormons and systems men and woman have

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A

Testosterone: WOLLFIAN SYSTEM develops, causing masculination

Estrogen: MULLERIAN SYSTEM develops, causnig feminisation

We’re a girl by default - During prenatal phase, if gonads start to develop testosterone - we become a boy

20
Q

Outline Turner Syndrome

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A

X0 chromosome

  • Short stature, webbed necked, shield chest, wide nipples, rudimentary ovaries (dont work)
  • can happen under to foetus under infulence of genetics
21
Q

Describe brain areas involved in puberty as an activational effect

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A
  1. Hypothalamus - produces GNRH
  2. Stimulates Pituitary gland produces LH and FSH (precursor hormones)
  3. Gonads (testes - testosterone, ovaries - estrogen)
    - estrogen helps ova release and develop egg (otherwise system resets)
    - testosterone can also be inhibited, dont need it 24/7
22
Q

Outline secondary sex characteristics

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A

Testes: testosterone
- facial/ armpit hair, public hair, deeper voice, hairline changes, muscle growth, bone maturation, external genitalia mature

Ovaries: estrogen
- Breasts, fat distribution, external genitalia mature

23
Q

What are the effects of hormones on the brain?

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A

Organisational - some structures are different in brains of men/ women

Activational - may affect some behaviours (sexual, emotional and cognitive)

24
Q

When do androgens affect the foetus?

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A

prenatally - anatomy, social behaviour, sexual ID

25
Descibe congenital adrenal hyperplasia
GIRLS LOOK LIKE BOYS - Early exposure to androgens means they now produce androgens, precuros for testosterone - affects andrenal glands - enlarged clitoris, labia may be fused (vagina sealed) - Likely tom boys (rough and tumble) - LIkely to draw masculine things - 40% are gay/ bi, compared to 10% normally
26
Describe Androgen insensitivity
BOYS DEVELOP AS GIRLS - female external genitalia, but no uterus/ tubes (no mullerian ducts) - testes instead - No periods, find this out when get pregnant - very feminin, average sex drive, mostly attracted to opposite sex
27
What are the 3 consequences of androgen decrease prenatally?
1. Maternal stress - Male rats behave like females, lift bum/ tail - is this the same in humans though? 2. Older brother effect - after having first child, mothers body identifies next foetus as foreign so attacks it using antibodies 3. hereditary - 3x homosexuality more frequent in Mz twins, runs in familites of other species too
28
What cognitive functions are men better at?
*  Spatio-motor targetting ability * Perception of vertical/ horizontal mathematical reasoning * Spatial tasks (particularly imagining rotating a shape) - some overlap though, some woman are better
29
Describe pheremones (activatinoal effects)
- People can distinguish there t shirt from others (and know if its male or female) - substance found in sweat, increses social interactions in woman, but not men - Women living together synch up menstraul cycles - or get shorter when living with men
30
What do pheremones do?
Transmit messages between animals, maybe for reproduction - dont conciously smell it, just pick it up - signal goes via olfactory bulb to medial amygdala, to pre-optci area + hypothalamus (memory)
31
Describe hormones as an activational effects
Transmit messages from secreting gland to target tissue
32
How do hormones effect sexual behaviour in men?
PROLACTION & OXYTOCIN released after ejaculation, inhibits desire, dont want to cuddle TESTOSTEERONE - increases interest, fantasy, intercourse, and vice versa
33
How do hormones effect sexual behaviour in women?
• ESTROGEN PEAK (ovulation) - more likely to initiatiate sex (depends on pregnancy/ desire) - androgens amplify the effect they have • OXYTOCIN (Pituitary) - released during orgasm, want to cuddle, associated with milk ejection, bonding in humans
34
How does degree of prenatal androgenisation change brain structure?
Differences in: • SCN (circadian) - larger in homo • Sexually dimorphic nuclues (INAH-3) - larger in men • Anterior commissure - connects temporal lobes • bed nuclueas of the stria terminalis in forebrain - mens is bigger, but transexual man is same size as women - affects identity but not orientation
35
What are women better at?
* verbal fluency * Perceptual speed (rapid pattern identity matches) * verbal/ item memory * some finer motor skills
36
How does transexuals differ in the activational effects of hormones>
SLABBEKORN (1999) • Female-to-male - Given testosterone (beard/ low voice) - became better at visospational but worse at fluency skills •male-to-female - estrogen/anti-androgen has no effect on cognitive abilities - but grew breasts and finer, softer facial hair
37
How does gender influence aggression?
• Boys more aggressive than girls - socialiastion? allo boys to do it more * Increased tesosterone during puberty = more aggression * Castration of sex offenders -> decreases drive and aggressive sex attacks (inconclusive) * In prisons, high test = high agression * Losing game = drop in testosterone - evolutionary *  body builders on steroids = more aggression * men with Hypogonadal (lack/ loss of test) dont get more aggressive when given more, its lots it effect
38
How is frontal cortex involved in aggression/
Frontal cortex - contains serotonin axons, if destroyed = more aggression/ risk taking • Orbito-frontal regisions - impulse behaviour, anger outburts (phineas gage) - regulation of emotional expression •Low levels of 5-HIAA - in suicide patients - is depression agression towards self?
39
Define emotions?
• Physiological response -Autonomic response - SNS - blood pressure, heart rate •Hormonal response - reinforces autonomic response (adrenaline/steroids), more blood flow to muscle, more glucose availabled - adrenal glands -> cortisol -> hormones -> glucose energy - Cortisol increases release of glucose in body
40
How is emotion regulated by Amygdala?
• Involved in pheremones and sexual behaviour •Organises: - behavioural, autonomic and hormonal response to situations (fear/anger/disgust)
41
What are inputs/ outputs to amygdala?
Input: - olfactory system, association cortex, temporal lobe, frontal cortex, limbic system output: - Frontal cortex, hypothalamus, periaquiductal grey, hippocampus (recall of emotional events), brain stem nuclei associated with ANS and pineal glad
42
How does serotonin influence agression?
Prozac (SSRI) decreases depression and agression as more serotonin exists - mixed evidence for prozac tho some say it may increase
43
What did freud say about depression?
Depression is agression directed towards the self

Bio Psych (11 decks)

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