Lecture 3 Neurons Flashcards
The presence of ______ at the axon terminal causes the release of neurotransmitters.
calcium
There is more _______ inside the cell and more _____ outside of the cell.
potassium; calcium and sodium
What is a voltage gated channel?
a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is a change in electrical charge within the neuron; sodium channels along the axon and calcium channels in the axon terminal are examples
What is a mechanically gated channel?
a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is mechanical displacement. They are found in somatosensory systems and auditory systems.
What is a mechanically gated channel?
a type of ion-gated channel that opens when there is mechanical displacement. They are found in somatosensory systems and auditory systems.
Where is the neurotransmitter GABA, an amino acid, found?
hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum
What does GABA do?
it inhibits and regulates
What disease results when the release of GABA is disrupted?
Huntington’s disease
Where is the neurotransmitter Glutamate, an amino acid, found?
various areas in the CNS, such as the cerebellum.
What disease results when the release of Glutamate is disrupted?
Schizophrenia
Where is the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh), an amine, located?
at a neuromuscular junction, most of the PNS, frontal lobe, and hippocampi
What does Acetylcholine do?
it causes voluntary movement and some involuntary movement; it’s involved in memory processes and cognitive networks
What issues result when the release of Acetylcholine (ACh) is disrupted?
Myasthenia gravis, weakness, paralysis, and Alzheimer’s disease
Where is the neurotransmitters Dopamine - an amine - found?
basal ganglia, frontal lobe, and limbic system
What happens when the release of Dopamine is disrupted?
Parkinson’s disease, addiction, and cognitive deficits
What happens when the release of Dopamine is disrupted?
Parkinson’s disease, addiction, and cognitive deficits
What does Epinephrine do?
increases heart rate, blood pressure, sugar metabolism, and muscle activation
What happens when the release of Epinephrine from neurons is disrupted?
anxiety, depression, weight loss, tachycardia, high blood pressure, excessive sweating,
Where is the amine Norepinephrine found?
sympathetic nervous system, brainstem, thalamus, cortex, limbic system
What happens when the release of Norepinephrine from neurons is disrupted?
anxiety, depression, elevated levels of headaches, sweating, irregular heartbeat, hypertension, inattention, and lethargy
Where is serotonin found?
within various areas of the CNS
What does serotonin do?
sleep, mood, modulation of pain input
What happens when the release of serotonin from neurons is disrupted?
depression
What occurs during the relative refractory period?
An action potential can be created but a stronger signal is needed for that
