Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology Flashcards by Lauren Hughes

Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

______ are transmitted by air or ingested

allergens

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

most allergens are

proteins

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

sometimes a _____ product can be an allergen when it mixes with a protein

oil

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_____ is when oil mixes with protein and becomes an allergen

hapten

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

example of hapten

poison ivy
poison sumac
poison oak

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

_____ can cause disease and are transmitted by air, ingested, etc

chemicals

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

some _____ metals can cause pathologies

metals

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what is greatest protective barrier

skin

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what protects body if invasion occurs

immune system

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

another method to protect ourselves

hand washing

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

soap is a

surfactant

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

soap does this

emulsifies

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

avoid these areas: doorknobs, public pc keyboards, phones, etc

high contact areas

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

wearing ____ like gloves, masks is another great way to protect self

protective gear

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

washing your hands ______ massage is very important

before and after

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

guidelines for hadnwashing

soap and warm/hot water
lather for 20 seconds
use clean paper towels to dry and turn off faucet/open doors
wash under fingernails and keep nails short

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

if you have broken skin on hand

wear gloves/bandaid

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

why be careful with oils

haptens and cause allergies
scent could be offensive
scent could trigger negative memories (PTSD)

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

what is best cleaner for table

10% bleach/water

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

used on skin living tissues and creates a hostile environment for many bacteria

antiseptic

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

example of antiseptics

antiseptic soap, rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

are used on non -tissue and are “germicides”, “bacteriacides”, general kill microorganisms on non-living material

disinfectants

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examples of disinfectants

bleach, phenol, and boiling

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Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology

this kills every living thing within a field

sterilization

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# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology example of sterilization

baking at 350 degrees F for 1 hour in autoclave

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what can prevent most bacterial invasions

salt

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology when is our skin salty

sweat | tears

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology in mouth and tears there is enzyme _______ which kills pathogens

lysozyme

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology in our ears _____ which causes bacteria to stick

cerumen/wax

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology _______ which can kill bacteria is found in stomach

acidity

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology where else is there aciditiy

skin | vagina

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology _____ is found in urine and kills bacteria in urethra

ammonia

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology mucous can be found in ________ causes pathogens to stick to it

respiratory | digetstive tracts

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology ______ is our respiratory tract help push up mucous

cilia

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology _____ catches dust and pathogens

nasal hair

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology erythrocytes are

rbc

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what does erythrocytes carry

oxygen and carbon dioxide

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology platelets are also called

thrombocytes

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what are platelets involved with

clotting

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology main defense against pathogens

leukocytes (wbcs)

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology 2 categories of wbcs

granular | agranular

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology granulocytes have extension of

-phils

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology first responders

neutrophils

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology which wbcs is most abundant

neutrophils

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology "little eaters"

microphages

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology who are microphages

neutrophils

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology neutrophils attack

bacteria | fungi

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology do neutrophils live long

no. die quickly

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology basophils release

heparin | histamine

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what is histamine

inflammatory chemical

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology heparin is

anticlot

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what cells locally do same thing as basophils

mast cells

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology basophils are associated with

allergies

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology eosinophils are found

digestive tract

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology eosinophils attack

parasites

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology the agranular are

lymphocytes | monocytes

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology lymphocytes are involved with

immunity

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology monocytes are

macrophages "big eaters"

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology 2nd to arrive to scene

monocytes

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology as monocytes enter tissue they become

macrophages

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology monocytes are sometimes

antigen presenting cells (APC)

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what assists immune system recognition and response to invasion

APC cell displaying part of antigen on its cell surface protein

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what are 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

``` swelling redness heat/fever pain (loss of function) ```

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology process of inflammation

chemical alarm vasodilation and capillary permeability phagocytic migration

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what occurs in chemical alarm

chemicals are released via tissue injury, cell lysis due to mechanical injury/pathogen invasion

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what does aspirin target

reduction of prostaglandin

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology some chemicals called ______ cause fever

pyrogens

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what regulated pyrogens

hypothalamus

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology vasodilation and cpillary permeability cause

redness | heat

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology chemicals such as _____ cause areas of vasodialation

histamine

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology when vasodialtion occurs ....

blood vessels dilate brings more blood heat to area

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology ______ refers to the capillaries opening up allowing things to pass through

capillary permeability

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology during capillary permeability it is thought as it swells it may press on ______ causing ______

sensory neurons | pain sensation

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology leukocytes migrate to the area in phagocytic migration by

chemotaxis

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology leukocytes follow a ____ trail

chemical

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology leukocytes move by

diapedesis

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology leukocytes adhere to tissues(capillary walls) by

margination

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology Nk is

natural killer

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology the NK are like the

police force

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology are NK phagocytes

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology how to NK kill?

release chemicals for chemotaxis

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology ______ tend to be in tissues

mast cells

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology mast cells release

histamine | heparin

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology ____ tends to bind to mast cells and basophils

Ig E

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology an important part of immune response is the recognition of ______

self virus non-self antigens

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology _____ is what lymphocytes undergo to recognize hat is self

maturation

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology ______ is what is reached when the immune system will not attack self antigens

tolerance

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology when a foreign antigen is recognized by a _____, the _______ differentiates into a ______ or plasma cell

B cell B cell memory B cell

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology the plasma cell is a _______ making factory

antibody

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology do plasma cells make small/large amounts of antibodies?

large

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology plasma cell antibodies attach to the antigens on foreign bodies and help with 2 things:

makes pathogen easier to engulf by macrophage | can act like a net trapping the foreign body preventing movement and reporduction

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what is "makes tasty"

opsonization

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology the B cell matures what

bone

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology cell to cell immunity is called

cell mediated

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology T cells mature where

thymus

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what are the T cells

cytotoxic t cell helper t cell suppressor t cell

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology other names for cytotoxic t cell

``` Tc-cell CD8+ T8 CTL killer T ```

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology cytotoxic T cells do what

attack body cells infected by viruses, bacteria, etc and lyse them by secreting chemicals (ie perforin)

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what does the helper T cell do

assist the B cell and Tc-cell by secreting cytokines

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology function of cytokines

accelerate maturation of Tc cells and plasma cells attract macrophages o area attract NK to the area

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology suppressor t cells do what

suppress the immune response (end the response)

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology how many types of hypersensitivities to allergies

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what is type I

acute | immediate reaction/quick sever reaction

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology Immunoglobin E (Ig E) quickly reacts in which type

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology examples of Type I allergies

peanut, shellfish

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology type II reactions are

cytotoxic

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology cytotoxic rells react against a

substance

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology example of type II reaction

mismatched blood transfusion

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology type III is a

immune complex

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology _________ are too small and cannot be cleared from area (type III reactions) - lung, kidney

antigen antibody complexes

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology type III also is inflammatory response with neutrophils and cell lysis that damage local tissues. examples;

lupus Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) farmer's lung (inhaling moldy hay) mushroom grower's lung (inhaling spores)

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology type IV is

delayed

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology how long does reaction in type IV take to occur

1-3 days

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology what T cells are in Type IV

cytotoxic T cells

# Lecture 3 - Pathophysiology examples of type IV

contact dermatitis | mantoux and tine tests (TB)