Lecture 3: Reticuloruminal disorders 2 (NEED TO FINISH)

Question 1

Subacute ruminal acidosis results when the ph drops to < ____ and there’s a ______ in bacterial growth rates and a decrease in _____ activities of _____ microorg. There is an increase in ______ production.

Answer 1

Subacute ruminal acidosis results when the ph drops to < 5.8** and there’s a **decrease** in bacterial growth rates and a decrease in **enzymatic** activities of **fibrinolytic** microorg. There is an increase in **lactate production.

Question 2

Acute ruminal acidosis is SEVERE and can result in DEATH. The pH drops to < ____, there’’s a decrease in ______, and an increase in _______ bacterias. There is a _____ in D(-) LACTATE

Answer 2

Acute ruminal acidosis is SEVERE and can result in DEATH. The pH drops to < 5.5**, there’’s a decrease in **S.BOVIS** , and an increase in_D-Lactobacillus (lactate producing)_ bacterias. There is a **increase in D-(d isomer) LACTATE

Question 3

In a normal rumen, there is an _____ in rapidly fermentable carbs (starch+sugars), an _____ in VFAs and ______ growth rates, and a decrease in ____

Answer 3

In a normal rumen, there is an increase** in rapidly fermentable carbs (starch+sugars), an **increase** in VFAs and **bacterial** growth rates, and a decrease in **pH

Question 4

Subacute rumen acidosis is also commonly called _____ for short?

Answer 4

SARA

Question 5

What is rumen ph seen when SARA is present and what else changes with it?

Answer 5

< 5.6 (Or 5.5 for an extended period) and the associated changed with the VFA’s in the rumen

Question 6

True or False not enough effective fiber can cause SARA

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Proprionic acid surge caused by increase in lactic acid fermenters causes this? WHen do we see it in feedlot and dairy cows?

Answer 7

• Fat Cow Syndrome (SARA)
  
  • feedlot in rounding off phase
  • dairy cows; prolonged lactation

Question 8

What conditions involving the liver and vena cave can cause SARA?

Answer 8

• Liver abscess
• Posterior Vena Cava Thrombosis

Question 9

With SARA from Liver abscess, they are often described at poor doers and you will see a hypo-______, and recurrent _____, often (symptomatic or aymptopatic??) and regarded as (normal or abnormal at slaughter?)

What can liver abscess cause in reference to the timeline of death and subsequent pathology?

Answer 9

With SARA from Liver abscess, they are often described at poor doers and you will see a hypo-albuminemia**, and recurrent **epistaxis**, often (symptomatic or **aymptopatic**??) and regarded as (**normal or abnormal at slaughter?)

• Acute death
• pururlent embolic shower

Question 10

How does ruminitis cause liver abscessed and what two bacteria are often involved? How do we treat and what is the prognosis?

Answer 10

• Rumenitis facilitate penetration of bacteria. T pyogenes and F necrophorum into portal system
• Prognosis=poor
• Treat: feed antibiotics as prophylacxis

Question 11

With SARA’s involvement with laminitis; _____ acid kills gram ____ bacteria with ______ release. _____ causes ischemia of _____ which results in abnormal _____ formation, hemorrhage, and ____ ____ lesions

Answer 11

With SARA’s involvement with laminitis; lactic** acid kills gram **negative** bacteria with **endotoxin** release. **DIC** causes ischemia of **corium** which results in abnormal **horn** formation, hemorrhage, and **sole horn lesions

Question 12

With SARA, acute death syndrome is caused by what? Also state another syndrome that condition causes

Answer 12

Clostridium perfringens enterocolitis also causes hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Question 13

True or False:

• Mycotic rumenitis/abomasitis/proctitis
• Mucor; Rhizopus; Absidia; Mortierella

are all involved with SARA

Answer 13

true

Question 14

True or False:

Abomasal ulceration and displacement can be linked with SARA

Answer 14

true!

Question 15

Thiaminase producing bacteria cause this neural condition associated with SARA. State the condition and the bacteria

Answer 15

Cerebro-cortical necrosis

• C. sporogenes and B. thiaminolyticus

Question 16

How many samples do you need to confirm SARA upon dx and what percentage of those samples confirms; also state the dx pH

Answer 16

Minimum 6 samples. Positive if more than 25% is below 5.6

Question 17

Lactic acidosis can also be caused by overload of this?

Answer 17

Grain overload!

Question 18

Grain engorgement can cause rumen _____ and acid _______

Answer 18

Grain engorgement can cause rumen acidosis** and acid **indigestion

Question 19

We often see lactic acidosis on feedlots and dairy’s from eating this type of feed causing SLUG feeding? also state the types

Answer 19

• fermentable feed
  
  • wheat
  • barley
  • corn

Question 20

Is lactic acidosis usually related to a single episode of feed intake (engorgement) or a chronic over intake over time?

Answer 20

single episode of feed intake (engorgement)

Question 21

When the vet shows up for Peracute lactic acidosis what does he see with the animal?

Answer 21

cattle found dead!

Question 22

When the vet shows up for acute severe lactic acidosis what does he see with the animal? when do signs manifest and when is the peak of the metabolic crisus? State some clinical signs

• Depression or Excitatory?
• HR/RR
• D+ if present or color?
• Palpebral and corneal reflex?
• Extremities warm or cold?
• Dehydration and ruminal status?

Answer 22

(Signs develop after 12–36hours.Peak of metabolic crisis after 36hours)

• Depression or Excitatory?
  
  • Severedepression,muscletremors,ataxia,down
• HR/RR
  
  • increased HR and RR (shallow)
• D+ if present or color?
  
  • grey D+
• Palpebral and corneal reflex?
  
  • slow and comatose
• Extremities warm or cold?
  
  • cold
• Dehydration and ruminal status?
  
  • fluid filled, distended rumen ;rumen stasis

Question 23

What is the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis?

• Bacteria involved (2)?
• Ph (increase or decrease)
• ___ and ___ lactic acid

Answer 23

-Bacteria involved (2)?

• Steptococcus bovis
• Lactobacillus
• Ph (increase or decrease)
• Decrease
• D and L lactic acid

Question 24

Where is lactic acid absorbed?

Answer 24

in the blood stream

Question 25

In terms of D and L lactic acid, which one is metabolized (and state into what) and which is non metabolizable and what does it cause?

Answer 25

* L- Lactic acid; metabolized. Glucose and bicarbonate * D- Lactic acid; non-metabolizable. Cause metabolic acidosis

Question 26

Ataxia and depression can be caused by lactic acidosis; what issue with the kidney can lactic acidosis cause?

Answer 26

* Severe nephrosis with anuria

Question 27

When lactic acid is in the rumen it ____ the rumen osmolality. _____ fluid flows into the rumen resulting in \_\_\_\_\_\_, fluid filled rumen, and what type of D+?. These result in _______ and ______ collapse

Answer 27

When lactic acid is in the rumen it **_increases**_ the rumen osmolality. _**extracellular**_ fluid flows into the rumen resulting in _**dehydration_**, fluid filled rumen, and what type of D+? (**_osmotic diarrhea)_** These result in **_hypovolemia**_ and _**circulatory_** collapse

Question 28

Lactic acid in the rumen can cause chemical rumenitis and _____ of therume mucosa leaving the rumen and portal system open for?

Answer 28

sloughing; bacterial invasion

Question 29

When lactic acid enter the rumen what dies off with the release of endotoxins

Answer 29

gram negative bacteria

Question 30

Lactic acid aggravates the signs of ______ collapse

Answer 30

circulatory

Question 31

Lactic acidosis chemical and osmotic effect can cause severe \_\_\_\_\_; osmotic pooling of ______ fluid; and endotoxin release

Answer 31

* severe rumenitis * extracellular

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_, endotoxemia, and ______ cause cause signs of circulatory failure then death

Answer 32

**_Metabolic acidosis**_, endotoxemia, and _**dehydration_** cause cause signs of circulatory failure then death

Question 33

What is a very important clinical finding in terms of the rumen sie with lactic acidosis?

Answer 33

* Large fluid filled rumen

Question 34

What does the rumen fluid look like in terms of pH, acidic or basic, color, protozoa count for lactic acidosis?

Answer 34

pH 5 or less; Acidic; Milky – gray; No protozoa; MBR more than 5 min

Question 35

What 2 clinical signs exclude all other presenting signs that may lead you to another differential for lactic acidosis?

Answer 35

* fluid filled rumen * low rumen pH

Question 36

What can we do for treatment of Lactic acidosis for mild versus severe ?

Answer 36

**Mild cases or recent exposure** * Prevent further access; hay and water only * Antacid orally MgOxide 1gram/kg bodyweight • Exercise **Moderate or severe cases (usually 6-8 hours after intake)** 2 categories: • Down/Standing with signs of circulatory compromise * Euthenasia/ slaughter * Intensive supportive treatment and surgery

Question 37

What kind of supportive treatment can we offer for lactic acidosis?

Answer 37

IV fluids. Polyionic isotonic fluids 10% of bw. Sodium bicarbonate 1-3 meq/kg NSAID’s Antibiotics. Penicillins Vit B1 and B12 Calcium Rumenotomy and rumen lavage Lavage through tube not very effective. Kingman tube

Question 38

How can we prevent lactic acidosis?

Answer 38

* Avoid sudden ration changes * Don’t “slug” feed * Avoid finely ground and very soluble starches (Bread products) * Keep the feed room door closed * Supply enough effective fiber