T2L1: Antibiotics in Food Animals

Question 1

What does bactericidal mean versus bacteriostatic

Answer 1

Bactericidal kills the bacteria and bacteriostatic STALLS/inhibits the growth of the bacteria

Question 2

What is the most regulated antibiotic?

Answer 2

fluoroquinolone

Question 3

What do we use for respiratory disease, foot rot, D+, and with a balling gun in calves

Answer 3

Sustain

Question 4

What us a good coccidiostat and used in deer milk for bottles raised babies?

Answer 4

Sulfadimethoxine

Question 5

Was penicillin the first antibiotic?

Answer 5

No! Sulfonamides are

Question 6

Are sulfonamides gram + gram - or broad spectrum

Answer 6

broad spectrum

Question 7

What bacteria are resistant to sulfonamides?

Answer 7

Pseudomonas Bacteroides Enterococcus

Question 8

Is sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Answer 8

BacterioStatic, but potentiated sulfas are bactericidal

Question 9

what is the action of sulfonamides?

Answer 9

mimic the PABA precursor at the beginning of the THFA(tetrahydrofolic acid) pathway, blocking production of the active form of folic acid

Question 10

Are sulfonamides time dependent or concentration dependent?

Answer 10

time dependent

Question 11

Potentiated sulfas (__________) inhibit _____ _____, preventing production of _____

Answer 11

Potentiated sulfas (Trimethoprim**) inhibit **dihydrofolate reductase** preventing production of **THFA

Question 12

How do potentiated sulfas have bacteriocidal activity?

Answer 12

Blocking paba and dihydrofolate reductase

Question 13

Where are some areas sulfonamides act on

Answer 13

widely distributed to the joints via synovial fluid, CNS, prostate, urine which is why these are often used for UTI’s

Question 14

Can we use sulfonamides for systemic mastitis?

Answer 14

NO! weak acidi, and low non therapeutic concentrations in the milk

Question 15

Adult dairy cows can only use this sulfonamide?

Answer 15

sulfadimethoxine

Question 16

What meat from which animals have the highest violations for sulfonamides?

Answer 16

Pork highest then veal

Question 17

Potentiated sulfas are used off label in _____ and _____

Answer 17

calves and pigs

Question 18

Penicillin is what classification of antibiotic?

Answer 18

Beta Lactam

Question 19

Beta lactams include _____ and _____

Answer 19

penicillins and cephalosporins

Question 20

Beta lactams are either bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal and either time dependent or concentration dependent?

Answer 20

time dependent

bacterioCidal

(a B c d) lol stupid way to remember B is next to c in the alphabet

(time dep. you BETA be on TIME)

Question 21

What is the action of Beta lactams

Answer 21

Bind to penicillin binding proteins (PBP)

Question 22

Compare and contrast what penicillin binding proteins (PBP 1) causes versus (PBP 2 and 3)

Answer 22

PBP 1- cell lysis

PBP 2 and 3- cause misshapen cell walls leaing to rupture

Question 23

Out of the 2 beta lactams which antibiotic needs more time than the other. also do gram positive or gram negative require more exposure?

Answer 23

Cephalosporins need more time than penicillins, gram - require more exposure because they are negative little bitches

Question 24

Beta lactams can have resistance to them working by this method

Answer 24

by way of beta lactamase production or altering the PBP to prevent binding

Question 25

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are usually unaffected by the betalactams and are better at penetrating the \_\_\_\_\_, what is a real world example of this antibiotic?

Answer 25

3rd generation cephalosporin (Excede a ceftiofur for swine) better at peentrating the CNS

Question 26

Compare and contrast what bacteria natural penicilins are working for, aminopenicillins, and cephalosporins?

Answer 26

* **Natural Penicilins:** * **​**gram +, anaerobes, select gram - (listeria), and spirochetes * **Aminopenicillins** * gram -, more strains of E. coli and Salmonella * **Cephalosporins** * more gram - (similar spectrum to penicillin)

Question 27

Beta lactams have poor ______ activity

Answer 27

intracellular

Question 28

LA-200 and Hexasol are what type f antibiotic

Answer 28

oxytetracycline/tetracycline

Question 29

Tetracyclines are NOT good for ______ disease byt good for early stages of _____ \_\_\_, footrot, and extremely well with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Tetracyclines are NOT good for **_respiratory_** disease byt good for early stages of **_pink eye**_, footrot, and extremely well with _**anaplasma_**

Question 30

Classify tetracycline as bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal, gram +/-/broad?

Answer 30

Broad spectrum, bacterioStatic

Question 31

What is the mechanism for tetracycline?

Answer 31

binds to Thirty (30s) ribosome (thirty starts with T) and has a minimal affinity for mammalian ribosomes. prevents protein synthesis

Question 32

Tetracycline has poor _____ absorption except \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 32

oral; doxycycline

Question 33

True or False Tetracycline are lipophobic are have a wide distribution to most tissues

Answer 33

FALSE: lipophillic

Question 34

tetracycline accumulates ______ and even in ______ and is eliminated 60% through _______ and 40% through \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 34

intracellularly; leukocytes; 60% glomerular filtration; 40% feces

Question 35

What are 2 types of aminoglycosides?

Answer 35

* Neomycin * Gentamycin

Question 36

Are aminoglycocides bacteriorstatic or bacteriocidal and are they concentration dependent or time dependent?

Answer 36

aMEANOLEglycocide are so mean! they kill the bacteria so they are bacteriocidal. bacteriCidal dependent / Concentration dependent

Question 37

What bacteria do aminoglycosides work best for

Answer 37

primarily aerobic, gram -

Question 38

Are aminoglycosides water soluble or lipid soluble?

Answer 38

Highly water soluble, poorly lipid soluble

Question 39

What is the mechanism for aminoglycosides?

Answer 39

irreversibly bind to the 30s ribosome

Question 40

What kinds of toxicity are you worried about with aminoglycosides

Answer 40

nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity also a reason for the residue concerns (kidney)

Question 41

Aminoglycosides are chemically attracted to \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

phospholipids

Question 42

Why do we often get pehrotoxicity and ototoxicity with aminoglycosides? which AB in particular

Answer 42

these tissues have more phosphatidylinositol in their membranes than ther body tissues, gentamicin espeically

Question 43

Aminoglycosides accumulate in ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

lysosomes and mitochondria

Question 44

Practioners are strongly urged to refrain from using ______ in food animals except neonatal pigs.

Answer 44

aminogycosides

Question 45

Which antibiotic is a zero tolerance drug?

Answer 45

aminoglycosides

Question 46

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is not labeled for cattle (withdraw time)

Answer 46

Gentamicin in cattle the withdraw time is 18 months FOR MEAT and 5 days for milk. 1 day meat withdraw for topical use

Question 47

What is the difference in milk withdraw for aminoglycosides for cattle versus goats/sheep?

Answer 47

5 day withdraw for milk in cattle and 10 days for goat and sheep

Question 48

How long do aminoglycosides take to withdraw from piglets 1-3 day old

Answer 48

40 days

Question 49

Which ab is not approved for preruminating calves or lactating cattle

Answer 49

neomycin which is a aminoglycocide

Question 50

State whether florfenicol AB are bacteriostatic/cidal; time/conc. dependent/ broad spectrum or gram + or -

Answer 50

* Bacteriostatic * Time dependent * Broad gram - spectrum especially BRD pathogens, some gram +

Question 51

What do we use florfenicol for

Answer 51

* Bovine resp. dz * Keratoconjunctivitis * Bovine interdigital plegmon

Question 52

What is the mechanism for florfenicol

Answer 52

inhibits protein synthesis and blocks peptidyltransferase activity at the 50s ribosomal subunit fifty=50=florfenicol

Question 53

Where does florfenicol CONCENTRATE IN

Answer 53

the tear film

Question 54

Florfenicol achieves concentration in the ____ above the MIC for _____ for 20 hours

Answer 54

CNS; H. somni

Question 55

What is florfenicol reall good for

Answer 55

good penetration into a DISEASED LUNG

Question 56

Florfenicol eliminated via the _____ and has a high ____ \_\_\_\_

Answer 56

kidneys; urine conc.

Question 57

In beef cows florfenicol have a high level in the \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 57

mammary

Question 58

Erythromycin is the parent compound of this class of ab?

Answer 58

Erythromycin

Question 59

What is the newest development of macrolides and what do they have activity against

Answer 59

azalides; activity against mycoplasma * Azithromycin * Tulathromycin * Gamithromycin * Tildipirosin

Question 60

what is the mechanism for macrolides? is it time or concentration dependent or bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic

Answer 60

inhibits protein synthesis y binding the 50s ribosomal subunit; time dependent and bacteriostatic

Question 61

Where do macrolides concentrate

Answer 61

in cells that are more acidic than plasma

Question 62

macrolides accumulates in _____ of \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 62

lysosomes of leukocytes

Question 63

Lincosamides are used in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 63

swine

Question 64

Lincosamides should be avoided in _____ and _____ fermenters; _______ overgrowth

Answer 64

avoided in foregut and hindgut fermenters; clostridial overgrowth

Question 65

Lincosamides MOA?

Answer 65

inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosome

Question 66

Lincosamides are used for? what is a common adverse effect

Answer 66

mycoplasma pneumonias; infectious arthritis caused by strep, erysipelothrix, or mycoplasma Adverse: swelling of the anus

Question 67

Baytril is \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 67

enrofloxacin

Question 68

Baytril is ________ and is classified as a \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 68

enrofloxacin; classified as a fluroquinolones

Question 69

What are the 2 fluoroquinolones approved for cattle

Answer 69

enrofloxacin and danofloxacin

Question 70

\_\_\_\_\_ is the fluoroquinilone approved in swine

Answer 70

Enrofloxacin

Question 71

Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal or bacteristatic/ time or conc. dependent?

Answer 71

Bactericidal (kill bacteria whether tey are replicating or not); Concentration dependent

Question 72

What is the mechanism of action for fluroquinolone?

Answer 72

Inhibit bacterial DNA replication and transcription by binding the A subunit of DNA gyrase

Question 73

What are the bacteria of concern for fluroquinolones

Answer 73

Campylobacter and salmonella typhimurium type DT-104

Question 74

What disease is fluoroquinolones mainly used for

Answer 74

respiratory disease only!