LECTURE 3 - STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
(27 cards)
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, what can be a bad result of a lot of damage done to your DNA?
Cancer
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, one common error is base mismatches. What takes place during this error?
Each nucleotide contains a base, and during DNA replication, the enzyme DNA polymerase is supposed to bring in the right partner to pair with every base on each template
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, one common error is base mismatches. How does mismatch repair occur to fix these problems?
The enzymes catch most mistakes & cut off a few nucleotides and replaces them with the correct ones. If it doesn’t get all of them it sends a second pair to cut and replace
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, how can DNA get damaged after DNA replication?
Lots of different molecules can cause chemical changes to nucleotides. Some come from environmental exposure
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, if only one nucleotide is damaged after DNA replication, what type of repair can take place to fix the problem and how it is done?
Base excision repair: an enzyme snips out the damage base, other enzyme comes into trim around the site and replace the nucleotides
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, how can UV light damage DNA?
It causes two adjacent nucleotides to stick together distorting the DNA’s double helix shape
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, how does nucleotide excision repair fix damaged DNA?
A team of proteins removes a long strand of 24 or so nucleotides replace them with fresh ones
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, why are double strand breaks the most dangerous?
They can cause cell death
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, what are the names of the two types of repair that can fix double-strand breaks in the DNA backbone?
Homologous recombination and Nonhomologous recombination
- According to the video What Happens When Your DNA Is Damaged, there are two types of repair that can fix double-strand breaks in the DNA backbone. How does each type fix these kinds of breaks?
Homologous recombination- uses an undamaged section of similar DNA as a template
Non-Homologous- doesn’t rely on a template.
- Our bodies have many different specific DNA repairs systems. Which statement describes the UVR photorepair system?
Repair damage to DNA caused by the exposure of UV radiation
- Our bodies have many different specific DNA repairs systems. Which statement describes the Aprymidinic (AP) site repair?
Any instances where your cell is present in DNA by mistake
- Which statement is true regarding excision repairs? (know what they are, what they can fix, and how they are used)
Its a non specific system of DNA repair because it can can fix a variety of damage
- __________________ repair is the only repair system able to handle double-strand breaks in DNA and can be found within eukaryotes. Fill in the blank.
- Post replication
- Recombinational repair can occur within which phases of meiosis or mitosis within eukaryotes?
Prophase meiosis one when chromosomes are paired closely
- What is the main function of a ribosome?
Are created to be used and to make protein
- Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, what happens when they are joined together and what occurs when they are separated?
When the subunits together- they only work
When the subunits are separated- if they are not join you can not make proteins
- Protein synthesis takes place on three different sties called the _________, ___________, and ___________ site of a ribosome. Fill in the blanks.
1.E
2.P
3.A
- What is the main function of (a) rRNA, (b) tRNA, or (c) mRNA?
rRNA- structural component of ribosomes
tRNA-Transfers amino acids to the ribosome
mRNA- carries DNA sequence information to ribosomes
- Human have approximately how many tRNAs within their cells?
45
- Which statement briefly describes how mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA work together within
your cells? (we discussed it on chapter fifteen slide five)
Main function of how the RNA works together is that together with ribosomal proteins in certain enzymes it reads genetic messages encoded by nucleotide sequences in your DNA.
So overall they are expressing the gene
- Which statement describes the central dogma of gene expression (i.e. what is gene
expression)?
The two processes of transcription and translation (the steps are called the gene expression)
- Which sentence briefly describes the overview of what occurs and what is produced
during the process of transcription? (know the information we discussed on chapter
fifteen slide eight)
The basic concept is: producing mRNA from DNA, opening up a DNA strand, making one strand copy of it and that’s the mRNA (the end product)
- Which sentence briefly describes the overview of what occurs and what is produced
during the process of translation? (know the information we discussed on chapter fifteen
slide nine)
Inserting mRNA strand which goes through cytoplasm attaches to ribosome which is rRNA and brings tRNA with amino acids attached to them and drops them off inside the ribosome in a certain order.
