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ECU Language + Learning Disabilities > Lecture 3 - Theories of Literacy > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Theories of Literacy Flashcards

1
Q

When does Literacy and Learning to read begin?

A

Before formal reading instruction in school

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2
Q

When is the Emergent Literacy Period?

A

Period before children go to school

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3
Q

What does Literacy Knowledge depend on?

A

Exposure to books

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4
Q

What is a Low Print Environment?

(3)

A

Little exposure to books

Few books

Very little literacy knowledge

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5
Q

What is a High Print Environment?

(4)

A

Large vocabulary

Many books

Environmental print available

Some decoding skills

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6
Q

What are Literacy Artifacts?

(5)

A

Alphabet blocks

Books

Slogans

Writing paper

Crayons

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7
Q

What is Joint Book Reading?

A

Parents/caregivers read to/with the child

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8
Q

When is a good time to start Joint Book Reading?

Why?

A

5-6 months (some begin before or after birth)

Can sit up and focus attention on books

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9
Q

What do children learn to do through Joint Book Reading before talking begins?

A

Learn to turn pages

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10
Q

Books are ______, label ______(3)_____ related to book and child’s life.

A

Rhythmic

Pictures, actions, events

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11
Q

What is the Focus of Joint Book Reading?

A

Meaning and comprehension (What does the child understand?)

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12
Q

Do parents ask children more questions (2-3 yrs old) when Joint Book Reading?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What questions can be asked during Joint Book Reading?

(3)

A

What explanations (What happened?)

Reason explanations (Why did it happen?)

Affective explanations (Feelings about what happened)

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14
Q

What do children learn about questions in Joint Book Reading?

(2)

A

How to answer questions about text

How to ask questions about text

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15
Q

What do children learn from adults’ answers provide during Joint Book Reading?

(2)

A

Conceptual knowledge

Reasoning skills

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16
Q

What else do children learn from book reading?

(3)

A

Letter names

Letter shapes

Letter sounds

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17
Q

What is the Alphabetic Principle?

A

Words consist of discrete sounds that are represented by letters in print.

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18
Q

What are the keys to reading?

(2)

A

Motivation

Interest

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19
Q

What is one of the first songs learned?

A

Alphabet Song

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20
Q

What do children learn after mastering letter names?

A

Letter shapes

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21
Q

What can be used to practice letter knowledge?

(2)

A

Magnetic letters

Keyboards

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22
Q

What two skills are important for reading?

A

Letter recognition accuracy

Letter recognition speed

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23
Q

Children who have letter recognition will have easier time learning _________ and _________.

A

Letter sounds

Spelling

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24
Q

What does learning sound-letter (phoneme-grapheme) correspondences depends on?

A

Letter knowledge

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25
What will poor letter recognition affect? (3)
Decoding Comprehension Frustration level
26
What do Rhyming Activities reflect? (2)
Awareness of syllabic units Onset –rimes (e.g., h – at, c-at)
27
What is Chall's Stage 0? (2) When does it occur? (2)
Pre literacy Pre-Reading Preschool Birth-6 years
28
What is being learned in Chall's Stage 0? (1+4)
Pre-reading/Literacy Socialization Conventions of print Read left-to-right Words relate to sound Graphemic symbols
29
What is Chall's Stage 1? (2) When does it occur? (2)
Initial Reading Decoding Decoding Preschool-Elementary School 6-7 years
30
What is being learned in Chall's Stage 1? (1+5)
Decoding stage Alphabet Words are made of letters Letters represent sounds (phonemic awareness) Sight words Phonological awareness
31
What is Chall's Stage 2? (2) When does it occur? (2)
Confirmation of Fluency Fluent Reading Elementary School (2nd-3rd grade) 8-9 years
32
What is being learned in Chall's Stage 2? (1+3)
Confirmation of Fluency Decoding fluency Increasing reading rate Using both phonological and sight word decoding
33
What is Chall's Stage 3? (2) When does it occur? (2)
Learning New Information Fluent Reading Elementary School-Middle School 9-13 years
34
What is being happening in Chall's Stage 3? (1+4)
Learning New Information from Reading Comprehension becomes predominant Fluency decreases (due to new words) Reading to learn using underlying processes of _decoding_ and _semantic knowledge_ Flexible use of both _phonological_ and _visual-lexical_ decoding
35
What is Chall's Stage 4? (2) When does it occur? (2)
Multiple Perspectives Fluent Reading High School 14-17 years
36
What is being learned in Chall's Stage 4? (1+2)
Multiple Perspectives Using figurative language Words have multiple meanings
37
What is Chall's Stage 5? (2) When does it occur? (2)
Construction + Reconstruction Fluent Reading High School-College 18+ years
38
What is being learned in Chall's Stage 5? (1+2)
Construction and Reconstruction Reading for leisure Paying attention to characters, emotions, underlying themes
39
What is Firth's Logographic Stage?
Pre-Reading
40
What is the Logographic Stage? (2)
Children construct association between unanalyzed spoken words and printed words. Children recognize familiar logos (Sports teams, brand names, etc.)
41
Do all children require logographic to be taught? Who may it help?
No May help for children with ASD and/or limited English
42
What is Firth's Alphabetic Stage?
Decoding
43
What is Firth's Orthographic Stage?
Fluent Reading
44
What is Ehri's Pre-Alphabetic Stage?
Pre-Reading
45
What is Ehri's Partial Alphabetic Stage?
Early Reading
46
What is Ehri's Full Alphabetic Stage?
Decoding
47
What is happning in Ehris's Alphabetic Stages?
Children use sound-letter correspondences to decode novel words
48
What is Ehri's Consolidated Alphabetic Stage?
Fluent Reading
49
What is Ehri's Automaticity Stage?
Fluent Reading
50
Why is it important for all readers to progress from the foundational stages (0 to 2) to higher levels of reading development?
In order for reading comprehension to take place
51
Children must learn that the sounds that make up spoken language are in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Printed words
52
Allophones affect ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Reading development Spelling development
53
There are ______ spelling for _____ English sounds.
251 44
54
What is the Orthographic Stage/Automatic Sight Word Recognition? (2)
Using of letter sequences and spelling patterns to recognize words by sight Phonological decoding not used
55
What pathway is used during the Orthographic Stage/Automatic Sight Word Recognition? What is critical for sight word recognition?
Visual/Lexical Route Accessing semantic memory/word meaning
56
How does Othrographic/Sight Word knowledge grow?
As children see and store letter sequences
57
What are some Morphemes Sequences (final) needed for Sight Reading? (6)
- ing - est - ed - ity - ment - tain
58
What are some Word Families needed for Sight Reading? (7)
- at - ake - ight - ay - ip - ore - ell
59
What is the Self-Teaching Hypothesis? (3)
An alternative to stage theories Phonological decoding functions as a self-teaching mechanism Helps to acquire detailed orthographic representations needed for decoding and spelling.
60
Self-Teaching for Reading is \_\_\_\_\_, is an ______ skill, and exhibts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Item-based Early onset Progressive lexicalization of word recognition
61
An ________ relationship exists between ______ and ______ orthographic components in the self-teaching process
Asymmetrical Primary Secondary
62
Self-teaching is evident in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Word recognition
63
What is needed before Self-Teaching can begin? (4)
Some sound-letter knowledge Phonological awareness Vocabulary knowledge Ability to use contextual information to decode words when partially decoded
64
What is Lexicalization? (2) When is this evident?
Children learn sound-letter correspondences and patterns It becomes committed to memory through print exposure and practice When children recognize the beginning of words and guess at their ending
65
What is the primary self-teaching mechanism for the acquisition of fluent word recognition? What are the secondary/‘parasitic’ mechanisms?
Phonological skills Visual/orthographic factors
66
What does Phonological Decoding force the child to pay attention to? (3)
All of the letters in words Common letter sequence recognition Other patterns
67
What does Phonological Decoding force the child to learn? (3)
Blending sounds Decoding onset-rime (e.g., f-ight) Learning morphemes – prefixes (un-) and suffixes (-ment
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a powerful self-teaching tool
Spelling
69
When spelling, what do children need to recall? (4)
Letter formation Letter-sound correspondence Relationship between spoken and written language Orthographic/spelling patterns
70
Sight words are learned and recalled with greater proficiency with practiced ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Writing Decoding
71
When does a child begin to imitate writing?
1-5 years
72
When does a child begin to draw "+" and "O"?
1-5 years
73
When does a child begin to copy "X", "△", and "☐"?
2-5 years
74
When does a child begin to demonstrate letter and name writing?
4-8 years
75
When does a child begin to demonstrate writing words and sentences?
7-12 years
76
What is Precommunicative Spelling? (2) When does it begin?
The child uses letters but shows no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences. May also lack knowledge of upper/lower-case letters, and left-to-right reading. (e.g. "M" -\> "Jessica") 1-8 years
77
What is Semiphonetic Spelling? (2) When does it begin?
The child begins to understand letter-sound correspondence Often employs rudimentary logic like using single letters to represent words, sounds, and syllables. (e.g., U -\> you) 2-8 years
78
What is Phonetic Spelling? (2) When does it begin?
A letter or group of letters is used to represent every unique speech sound that are heard in a word. Some choices do not conform to conventional English spelling, but are easily understood. (e.g. "TAK -\> "take"; "EN" -\> "in") 6-11 years
79
What is Morphemic Spelling? (2) When does it begin?
Knowledge of the meaning of a word influences its spelling. Spelling strategies may use Greek and Latin roots; prefixes and suffixes; compound words; and abbreviations. 8-16 years
80
Who tends to treat disorders in handwriting?
OTs
81
What do you need to construct meaning of sentences and texts? (6)
Basic topic knowledge Key vocabulary Syntactic form/text structure knowledge Attention Interest Basic reasoning skills
82
At which of Chall’s stages do children become unglued from print? What do they transition to? (2)
Stage 2 More fact-based information (e.g., science, social studies) Reading to learn (3-4th grade)
83
Where does reading comprehension begin? What does it require in order for it to develop?
Print exposure Information
84
Where can comprehension be learned? (3)
Joint reading Silent reading Exposure to different kinds of texts
85
What is one of the best predictors of reading comprehension? (2)
Familiarity with content knowledge domains Ability to extract meaning from text (may or may not generalize across content areas)
86
Comprehension is not a ______ skill . What skills does it require? (5)
Unitary Decoding Attention Memory Prior knowledge Motivation
87
What are qualities of Good Comprehenders? (5)
Use what they know Self-question what they don’t know + want to know + need to know Integrate information across texts Monitor their reading Respond thoughtfully to what they are reading

ECU Language + Learning Disabilities (11 decks)

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