Lecture 8 - Spelling Assessment and Intervention Flashcards
What percentage of English words are irregular or nonsensical?
4%
Do most teachers know or teach the linguistic nature of spelling?
No
Traditional spelling instruction does not teach children the __________ that is needed for accurate spelling.
Underlying language knowledge
What does poor spelling instruction negatively impact
Decoding/reading words
What are the 4 blocks of spelling?
Phonology
Orthography
Morphology
Semantics
What happens when the 4 blocks are used?
2
Children can spell and read new words
Children can develop mental images of the words
What are Mental Graphemic Representations (MGR)?
2
The stored mental images of written words in memory
Word parts (affixes) stored in the mental orthographic lexicon
Word-specific mental representations can be applied to ______ and ______ words
Spelling
Reading
What can word-specific images (Mental Graphemic Representations) include?
(3)
Complete and accurate images of written words (e.g., cat),
Less clear or incomplete images that contain only a few letters (e.g., prsnl for personnel),
Word parts such as prefixes and suffixes (e.g., re-, -ing for recycling).
Well-established and complete MGRs are necessary for fluent _____ and _____.
Reading and writing
When individuals can match printed words to previously stored MGRs, words are ___________ and ___________.
Read effortlessly and fluently
Comprehension is aided
What are Phonological Processes important factors in?
Learning sound-symbol correspondence
What has been unconscious, becomes important in learning to spell and read
How do we use phonological knowledge in spelling?
3
Use phonological processes
Blend constituent phonemes into syllables and words
Analyze the spoken syllables into phonemic units
What is used when spelling unknown words?
Phonological knowledge is used
What is used when spelling sight words?
2
Orthographic knowledge
Morphological knowledge
What is Orthographic Pattern Knowledge of spelling?
4
The knowledge required to represent spoken language in writing
What letter combinations are not acceptable (e.g., “jr” in a word is not acceptable)
Principles governing root words (e.g., long vs short)
Positional constraints (“ck” is only in postvocalic)
What are the two components of Orthographic Pattern Knowledge of spelling?
Word-specific knowledge (MGRs)
Orthographic pattern knowledge-set of patterns are applied when writing spoken words (/k/ is spelled with k, c, ck, ch)
What is Morphological Knowledge of spelling?
4
Ability to consider the morphemic structure of words
How spelling changes when morphemes are added to a base word (“admit” vs. “admission”)
The relationship between morphologically related words
Overt knowledge of spelling prefixes (e.g., un-, pro-) and suffixes (e.g., -ing, -est)
What are two common ways of modifying base words?
Dropping the “e” before adding “-ing”
Doubling “p” when adding “-ed” to “hop”
What is Semantic Knowledge of spelling?
2
Understanding how meaning affects spelling
Knowing the difference between Homophones (Their–There–They’re)
What are Mental Graphemic Representations (MGR) the basis of?
(2)
Sight word recognition
Processing used when decoding words
What is “fast mapping”?
2
Learning orthographic representations via exposure
Even unusual words can become sight words and can be written without additional processing
What happens when a MGR is “fuzzy”?
It takes more time to read and spell that/those words
What is Spelling Growth highly correlated with?
2
Increased reading comprehension skills
Increased writing comprehension skills
