Lecture 38 - Menopause Flashcards
Menopause is defined as how long without menses?
1 year
Women tend to go through menopause at or around the same age as their ______.
Mother
At about _____ weeks gestation females have the most follicles they will ever have. From then on, they experience follicular atresia. When there are only about ______ follicles left, this atretic process accelerates rapidly. When follicles are sufficiently depleted (< _____) menopause occurs.
20 weeks
25,000
< 1,000
FSH > _____IU/mL is indicative of impending menopause. FSH > ____ IU/mL is observable IN menopause.
25
40
Perimenopause is characterized by a _________ of the menstrual cycle in the early stage followed by a ________ of the menstrual cycle in the later stage. Throughout this phase is when women experience the most symptoms of menopause.
Shortening
Lengthening
Early menopause is defined by onset between ages ____ and ____.
Premature menopause is defined by onset before age _____ –> this can be caused by surgical removal of the _____ (remember part of the blood supply to this organ supports the ovaries as well) or the ovaries. It can also be caused by premature ovarian failure.
40
44
40
Uterus
Premature ovarian insufficiency can be caused by chromosomal abnormalities, most notably ______ Syndrome (or mosaics –> loss of the X chromosome in only some of the cells), Fragile X permutations, Autoimmune disorders, and Chemo/radiation.
Keep in mind that women with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency and a normal _____ CAN still spontaneously ______!
Turner Syndrome
Karyotype
Ovulate
Vasomotor symptoms (aka _____ flashes) occur bc menopausal women have a small ______ zone (the temperature zone in which the body does not act to make changes to core body temp). This means small increases in core body temp, for example, will result in sweating that would otherwise not have occurred outside of menopause.
Hot flashes
Thermoneutral zone
One of the defining characteristics of vaginal atrophy in post-menopausal women is loss of vaginal ______. The vagina becomes flat and fragile, losing its top layer.
Rugae
Urethral ______ can occur in menopausal women. This is when urethral mucosa prolapses.
Caruncle
Women with a hx of _____ are at risk of recurrence during menopause (should make sense given the decline in mood during menopause.)
What can be combined with antidepressant meds?
Depression
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
While sleep disturbances increase during menopause, the ______ sleep stage suppresses thermoregulation, and thus hot flashes that would otherwise cause sleep disturbances.
With that in mind, are menopausal sleep disturbances more likely to occur sooner or later after falling asleep?
REM
They are more likely to occur sooner after falling asleep, early in the sleep cycle.
Osteoporosis is a concern for menopausal women. Bone density is measured using a DEXA scan and T-score that relates the patient’s bone mass to that of a healthy 30 year-old person.
Normal T-score is greater than or equal to _____.
Low bone density (osteopenia) is a T-score between _____ and _____.
Osteoporosis is a T-score less than or equal to _____.
Normal –> greater than or equal to -1.0
Osteopenia –> -1.0 to -2.5
Osteoporosis –> less than -2.5
Estrogen loss due to menopause triggers increases in which three cytokines that increase bone resorption?
The increase in these cytokines increases ______ (cell type) development and lifespan and increases _______ (cell type) turnover.
IL-1, IL-6, and TNF
Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Menopausal women are at higher risk for bone fractures. A Colle’s fracture occurs in the ______.
Forearm
